>>> Europe : Brokers Upgrades & Downgrades - 6th of February 2026 V2(+)

>>> Up
* Aktia Bank Raised to Accumulate at OP Corporate Bank
* Alma Media Raised to Accumulate at Inderes; PT 15 euros
* Alma Media Raised to Buy at Nordea; PT 15.30 euros
* Austevoll Seafood Raised to Hold at Kepler Cheuvreux (+)
* Bakkafrost Raised to Buy at Kepler Cheuvreux (+)
* BNP Paribas PT Raised to 110 euros from 105 euros at BofA (+)
* Compass Group Raised to Hold at Goodbody; PT 2,150 pence (+)
* Danske Bank Raised to Buy at SB1 Markets; PT 360 kroner
* Digia Raised to Buy at Inderes; PT 7.50 euros
* Doximity Raised to Neutral at JPMorgan; PT $40
* Estee Lauder Raised to Buy at Citi; PT $120
* Gjensidige Raised to Buy at BofA (+)
* Hershey PT Raised to $249 from $213 at Piper Sandler
* International Workplace PT Raised to 350 pence at Berenberg
* Leroy Raised to Hold at Kepler Cheuvreux (+)
* Maersk Raised to Hold at Kepler Cheuvreux (+)
* Merus Power Raised to Accumulate at Inderes; PT 4.70 euros
* NCC Raised to Buy at SEB Equities; PT 245 kronor
* Nordic Semiconductor Raised to Hold at Jefferies; PT 141 kroner
* Nordic Semiconductor Raised to Buy at BofA (+)
* Nordic Semiconductor Price Target Raised to NOK 196 from NOK 180 by Danske Bank (+)
* Orior Raised to Neutral at UBS; PT 11.50 Swiss francs
* RENK Group Raised to Outperform at BNP Paribas; PT 65 euros
* Roko Raised to Buy at SEB Equities; PT 1,750 kronor
* Roku Raised to Outperform at Oppenheimer; PT $105
* Saab Raised to Reduce at Inderes; PT 550 kronor
* Saab Price Target Raised to SEK 709 from SEK 569 by Bank of America
* Sampo Raised to Neutral at BofA (+)
* Snap Raised to Hold at Stifel; PT $5.50
* Tapestry PT Raised to $179 from $148 at JPMorgan
* UMG Raised to Buy at Kepler Cheuvreux (+)

>>> Down
* Amundi Cut to Neutral at Citi; PT 84.50 euros
* Anglo American Cut to Neutral at BofA (+)
* Atlantic Lithium Cut to Underperform at Macquarie; PT 10 pence
* Betsson Cut to Hold at Pareto Securities; PT 100 kronor
* Canada Goose Cut to Neutral at Baird; PT C$16
* Canada Goose Cut to Underweight at Barclays; PT C$13.69
* Cemex ADRs Cut to Hold at HSBC; PT $12.80
* Demant Cut to Neutral at BNP Paribas; PT 200 kroner
* F-Secure Cut to Hold at SEB Equities; PT 1.80 euros
* Hub Group Cut to Sell at Stifel; PT $27
* Peloton PT Cut to $9 from $12 at Truist Secs
* Sampo Price Target Cut to EUR 10.8 from EUR 11.1 by Nordea
* Signify Cut to Hold at Berenberg; PT 21 euros
* UBS Cut to Neutral at Goldman; PT 38 Swiss francs

>>> Initiation
* Capita Reinstated Buy at Shore Capital; PT 530 pence
* Caterpillar Rated New Outperform at CICC; PT $800

>>> Call
* Delivery Hero Falls as Citi Signals GMV May Miss Estimates
* Ferrovial Raised to Outperform at RBC on Highway Pricing Power
* UBS Rating Downgraded at Goldman Sachs, Vontobel (+)

>>> Europe : Brokers Upgrades & Downgrades - 6th of February 2026

>>> Up
* Alma Media Raised to Accumulate at Inderes; PT 15 euros
* Alma Media Raised to Buy at Nordea; PT 15.30 euros
* Danske Bank Raised to Buy at SB1 Markets; PT 360 kroner
* Digia Raised to Buy at Inderes; PT 7.50 euros
* Doximity Raised to Neutral at JPMorgan; PT $40
* Estee Lauder Raised to Buy at Citi; PT $120
* Ferrovial Raised to Outperform at RBC; PT 68 euros
* Hershey PT Raised to $249 from $213 at Piper Sandler
* International Workplace PT Raised to 350 pence at Berenberg
* Merus Power Raised to Accumulate at Inderes; PT 4.70 euros
* NCC Raised to Buy at SEB Equities; PT 245 kronor
* Nordic Semiconductor Raised to Hold at Jefferies; PT 141 kroner
* Orior Raised to Neutral at UBS; PT 11.50 Swiss francs
* RENK Group Raised to Outperform at BNP Paribas; PT 65 euros
* Roko Raised to Buy at SEB Equities; PT 1,750 kronor
* Roku Raised to Outperform at Oppenheimer; PT $105
* Saab Raised to Reduce at Inderes; PT 550 kronor
* Saab Price Target Raised to SEK 709 from SEK 569 by Bank of America
* Snap Raised to Hold at Stifel; PT $5.50
* Tapestry PT Raised to $179 from $148 at JPMorgan

>>> Down
* Amundi Cut to Neutral at Citi; PT 84.50 euros
* Atlantic Lithium Cut to Underperform at Macquarie; PT 10 pence
* Betsson Cut to Hold at Pareto Securities; PT 100 kronor
* Canada Goose Cut to Neutral at Baird; PT C$16
* Canada Goose Cut to Underweight at Barclays; PT C$13.69
* Cemex ADRs Cut to Hold at HSBC; PT $12.80
* Demant Cut to Neutral at BNP Paribas; PT 200 kroner
* F-Secure Cut to Hold at SEB Equities; PT 1.80 euros
* Hub Group Cut to Sell at Stifel; PT $27
* Peloton PT Cut to $9 from $12 at Truist Secs
* Sampo Price Target Cut to EUR 10.8 from EUR 11.1 by Nordea
* Signify Cut to Hold at Berenberg; PT 21 euros
* UBS Cut to Neutral at Goldman; PT 38 Swiss francs

>>> Initiation
* Capita Reinstated Buy at Shore Capital; PT 530 pence
* Caterpillar Rated New Outperform at CICC; PT $800

>>> Call
* Delivery Hero Falls as Citi Signals GMV May Miss Estimates
* Ferrovial Raised to Outperform at RBC on Highway Pricing Power

>>> What to look at today - 6th of February 2026

Equities and cryptocurrencies regained some stability after early losses in Asian trading, indicating that selling pressure may be easing following steep declines in US tech stocks. Precious metals also stabilized after a volatile start. While sentiment remained weak, Asian shares and US equity-index futures pared their losses at Friday’s open. Silver erased a 9.6% tumble to rise 2.5%, a steep recovery after a 20% plunge in the prior session. Bitcoin made a similar move, having earlier tumbled to nearly $60,000 — less than half its peak price in October. Following a sharp selloff on Wall Street on Thursday, investors remained wary of the technology sector with Amazon.com Inc. shares tumbling 11% in extended trading. The company plans to spend $200 billion on artificial intelligence this year, worrying investors that its colossal AI bet may not pay off in the long run. There’s been no single cause like there was last April when President Donald Trump’s trade war sent markets into a fearful tailspin. Instead, it’s been a slow drumbeat of news that is sowing anxiety about valuations that many suspected had already run up too far — and causing investors to pull back all at once. That was clear again on Thursday, when the S&P 500 slid 1.2%, its third straight daily decline, and the Nasdaq 100 extended its deepest slide since April. Software stocks extended their tumble after Anthropic, an artificial-intelligence company, rolled out a new model that’s designed to carry out financial research, underscoring the competitive threat from the new technology. The tech-heavy Nasdaq has seen more than $1 trillion wiped out since Federal Reserve policymakers signaled last week a reluctance to lower rates again anytime soon. MSCI’s gauge of Asian shares fell 0.4%, having tumbled as much as 1.3% earlier. Futures contracts for the Nasdaq 100 Index dropped 0.7%, halving earlier losses. MSCI’s gauge for Asian technology shares was flat, having slumped more than 2% earlier Friday. The overall weak sentiment pushed investors toward Treasuries, sending two-year yields to the lowest in almost a month during New York trading. Treasuries stabilized during Asian hours with the yield on the benchmark 10-year trading at around 4.18% on Friday. Meanwhile, investors are positioning for a decisive victory for Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi’s Liberal Democratic Party at this weekend’s election by scooping up Japanese stocks and selling the yen and government bonds. The Nikkei 225 Index in Japan rose 0.5% on Friday. Elsewhere, the Reserve Bank of India held its rates steady. Indian 10-year bond yield rose three basis points to 6.68%. Traders were also paying attention to the volatile swings in the precious metals markets. Silver lurched between losses and gains as a lack of liquidity led to wild swings in a market struggling to find a floor. Gold did the same. After tumbling as much as 2.6% earlier, the yellow metal gained 1% to $4,824 an ounce. Even so, artificial intelligence and the billions of dollars companies are pouring into it remained a key focus.
Four of the biggest US technology companies together have forecast capital expenditures that will reach about $650 billion in 2026 — a mind-boggling tide of cash earmarked for new data centers and the long list of equipment needed to make them tick, including artificial intelligence chips, networking cables and backup generators. Returns on those investments and frothy valuations have sent shares lower in the past week. US After Hours AMZN -9.9%, DOCS -37.7%, MOH -33.3%, PI -23.9%, TEAM -6% lower on earnings; RBLX +17.8%, EHC +17.5%, NVST +11.4%, GEN +8.9%, DAVE +8.4%, BE +7.6%, ADPT +4.9%, RDDT +3.8% higher on earnings.

Nikkei +0.81% Hang Seng -1.15% CSI -0.45% Shanghai -0.1% Shenzen +0.13%

Eur$ 1.1796 CNH 6.9391 CNY 6.9399 JPY 156.64 GBP 1.3561 CHF 0.7765 RUB 76.7966 TRY 43.6153 WTI$ 63.60 +0.49% Gold 4,821 +0.86% BTC 65,110 +3.17% ETH 1,913 +3.61%

S&P -0.22% Nasdaq -0.39% EuroStoxx +0.03% FTSE -0.48% Dax +0.21% SMI -0.21%

Macro :
- Macro Hedge Funds Surged in January as Haidar Rose 19%
- Bitcoin Plunges to Near $60,000 Before Paring Losses in Asia
- Gold.com Gets $150 Million Strategic Investment From Tether
- Ishare software -5.2%, Software stocks fall for an eighth straight day, with a sweeping roster of decliners
- Private Capital’s Titans Rush to Defend Software as Rout Deepens

Keep an eye on :
- ABBN SW ; ABB to Launch New $2 Billion Share Buyback
- AIR FP : Boeing, Airbus in Talks With Saudi Arabia for Historic Jet Order
- AKSO NO : Aker Solutions 4Q Adjusted Ebitda Margin Misses Estimates
- ALLN SW : Allreal Acquires Office Property in Geneva for CHF140M
- AMZN US : Amazon misses by $0.02, reports revs in-line; guides Q1 revs in-line; to invest about $200 bln in cap-ex across Amazon in 2026
- APAM NA : Aperam 4Q Adjusted Ebitda Beats Estimates
- AAPL US : Apple Is Scaling Back Plans for AI-Based Health Coach Service
- AYV FP : Ayvens 4Q Total Fleet Meets Estimates
- BAMI IM : Banco BPM 4Q Net Income Beats Estimates
- BPE IM : *ITALY'S BPER COULD CONSIDER INCREASING PAYOUT: CEO TO SOLE
- BA US : Boeing, Airbus in Talks With Saudi Arabia for Historic Jet Order
- BP/ LN : BP Is Said to Seek Partner for One of Oldest Iraqi Oil Fields
- 1211 HK : BYD’s $60 Billion Wipeout Points to Deeper Turmoil for China EVs
- GOOS CN : Canada Goose Shares Sink Most in Six Years as Results Miss, Canada Goose Falls by Most Since 2019 on EBIT Margin Strain
- CO FP : Casino Group, Spar International Enter Long-Term Partnership
- CLASB SS : Clas Ohlson Jan. Sales +12%
- COLOB DC : Coloplast 1Q Net Income Meets Estimates; FY Outlook Maintained
- COP US : ConocoPhillips Wants Venezuelan Payback Before Drilling for Oil
- ROAD US : Construction Partners Climbs Most Since 2020 on Forecast Boost
- COTY US : Coty misses by $0.04, beats on revs, Coty Slides After Pulling Fiscal 2026 Guidance
- CE IM : Credito Emiliano FY Net Income Beats Estimates
- BN FP : Danone Recalls Some Formula Batches in Austria, Food Agency Says
- DOCS US : Doximity Stock Plunges as FY Adjusted Ebitda Forecast Misses
- EIKN US : Eikon Therapeutics Shares Fall in Nasdaq Debut IPO priced at $18, open at $17.05, closed at $15 -16.67%, Eikon Said to Allocate Nearly 70% of IPO Shares to 10 Investors
- LLY US : Eli Lilly Falls as Much as 8.8%, Remains in Trading Range
- EMSN SW : EMS-Chemie FY Net Sales Meet Estimates
- ENEL IM : Enel FY Adjusted Ebitda Meets Estimates, Enel’s 2025 Results Meet Estimates as Focus Turns to Strategy
- EQT SS : EQT Life Sciences-Backed AgomAb Raises $200 Million in US IPO
- EL US : Estee Lauder Slides on Underwhelming Guidance After Rally, -19%
- FBK IM : FinecoBank 4Q Revenue Beats Estimates, FinecoBank FY Dividend per Share Beats Estimates
- GLEN LN : Glencore Said to Have Sought 40% of Combined Firm in Rio Talks
- GTT FP : GTT Gets Order From Jiangnan for Tank Design of 2 LNG Carriers
- HPUR NO : Hexagon Purus Sells Aerospace Business to SpaceX
- HIMS US : Hims Down as Novo Warns Wegovy Pill Copy Poses Patient Risks
- HOFI SS : Hoist Finance 4Q Pretax Profit SEK492M
- 2503 JP : Kirin Sells Four Roses to E. & J. Gallo for Up to $775m
- LEHN SW : Lem Narrows FY Sales Forecast
- LINDEX FH : Lindex 4Q Net Sales Beat Estimates
- KOG NO : Kongsberg 4Q Revenue NOK9.59B
- KNEBV FH : Kone 4Q Orders Beats Estimates
- LAGRB SS : Lagercrantz 3Q Net Revenue Beats Estimates
- LION US : Warner-Netflix Paves Way for Smaller Studio M&A, Lionsgate Eyed
- MAU FP : Maurel & Prom : un droit de préemption exercé par un partenaire en Angola
- MMK AV : Mayr-Melnhof Sees Non-Cash Asset Impairment EU65m–EU75m For 2025
- MGM US : MGM Resorts 4Q Adjusted EPS Beats Estimates
- NWSA US : News Corp 2Q Adjusted EPS Beats Estimates
- NOVOB DC : Hims Down as Novo Warns Wegovy Pill Copy Poses Patient Risks
- NOVOB DC : Danish Government Spends $2.1 Million to Help Fired Novo Staff
- NVCR US ; Novocure Stock Tumbles After CMS Revokes Billing Privileges
- OBEL BB : Orange Belgium FY Ebitda After Leases Beats Estimates
- OR FP : Beauty Stocks : Coty Pulls Fiscal 2026 Guidance
- PUM GY : Puma’s new Chinese backer will give Nike a run for its money - FT
- RDDT US : Reddit 4Q Revenue Beats Estimates
- SHEL LN : Shell to Pause Kazakh Oil and Gas Investments Amid Disputes
- SPG US : Simon Property Announces $2b Share Buyback
- SKAB SS : Skanska FY Revenue Misses Estimates
- GLE FP : SocGen 4Q Net Income Beats Estimates, Societe Generale Launches €1.5 Billion Buyback After Profit Beat
- Space X IPO : Musk Says SpaceX Is Not Developing a Phone
- Spy Glass Pharma IPO : SpyGlass Pharma IPO Prices at $16/Share, Midpoint of Range
- STLA US : Stellantis Says It Has Moved Parts of Supply Base Out of China
- STLA US : *LG ENERGY TO END JOINT VENTURE WITH STELLANTIS
- TEl NO : Telenor 4Q Adj. Ebitda Beats Estimates, Plans NOK15b Buyback (1)
- MSTR US : Strategy 4Q Revenue Meets Estimates
- MSTR US : Saylor’s Crypto Project Pounded After $12.4 Billion Loss
- UBER US : WeRide, Uber to Deploy 1,200 Robotaxis in Middle East
- VSAT US : Viasat 3Q Revenue Beats Estimates
- DG FP : Vinci FY Ebit Beats Estimates
- VONN SW : Vontobel FY Net Income Beats Estimates, Vontobel Family Renews Shareholder Accord as Inflows Accelerate
- WMG US : Warner Music 1Q Revenue Beats Estimates
- YIT FH : YIT 4Q Adjusted Operating Profit Meets Estimates, YIT Sees 2026 Adj. Oper Profit EU70M to EU100M, Est. EU88.1M

>>> Stoxx 600 Pre-Market Indications

  • Bayer (BAYN TH) +4.1%
    • Bayer’s Experimental Drug Reduces Stroke Risk by 26% in Study
  • Nordic Semiconductor (N0S TH) +2.6%
  • RENK Group (R3NK TH) +2.1%
    • RENK Group Raised to Outperform at BNP Paribas; PT 65 euros
  • Telenor (TEQ TH) +1.9%
    • Telenor 4Q Adj. Ebitda Beats Estimates, Plans NOK15b Buyback
  • Lloyds (LLD TH) +1.5%
  • Rheinmetall (RHM TH) +1.2%
  • Fresenius Medical Care (FME TH) +1%
  • Stellantis (8TI TH) -1.2%
  • Yara (IU2 TH) -1.3%
  • Glencore (8GC TH) -1.5%
  • Rational (RAA TH) -1.6%
  • Kering (PPX TH) -1.6%
  • Santander (BSD2 TH) -1.6%
  • HSBC (HBC1 TH) -1.9%
  • BCP (BCPN TH) -2%
  • Rio Tinto (RIO1 TH) -2.1%
    • Glencore’s Years-Long Pursuit of Rio Collapsed in Just 24 Hours
  • Enel (ENL TH) -2.7%
    • Enel’s 2025 Results Meet Estimates as Focus Turns to Strategy

>>> TradeGate Pre-Market Indications

DAX:
  • Bayer (BAYN TH) +4.1%
    • Bayer’s Experimental Drug Reduces Stroke Risk by 26% in Study
  • Rheinmetall (RHM TH) +1.5%
MDAX:
  • RENK Group (R3NK TH) +2.1%
    • RENK Group Raised to Outperform at BNP Paribas; PT 65 euros
  • Carl Zeiss Meditec (AFX TH) -1%
  • TeamViewer (TMV TH) -1.3%
  • Wacker Chemie (WCH TH) -1.7%
SDAX:
  • Evotec (EVT TH) +1%
  • PNE AG (PNE3 TH) -2%

Le Figaro : «Il mentait à propos de tout» : les secrets de la richesse de Jeffre

«Il mentait à propos de tout» : les secrets de la richesse de Jeffrey Epstein

À l’origine simple professeur de mathématiques, il a gravi les échelons de Wall Street grâce à ses multiples relations avec l’élite.

Jamais certifié pour être conseiller financier professionnel, dépourvu de diplôme bien que généreux donateur à l’université de Harvard, manipulateur hors pair, séduisant noceur, proxénète et pédophile sans tabou, Jeffrey Epstein « rendait service » discrètement à ceux qui entraient dans son réseau. Et se faisait rémunérer tout aussi discrètement.

Pour autant, il n’est jamais devenu milliardaire. Peut-être parce qu’il menait grand train et dépensait l’argent plus vite qu’il ne le gagnait ? Son style de vie de multimilliardaire était en fait indispensable à l’entretien d’un incroyable réseau composé de membres à qui il distribuait des faveurs, des conseils, des tuyaux, tout en organisant des fêtes aussi mémorables que délicates à raconter.

Au pic de sa réussite, son patrimoine était proche de 600 millions de dollars. Une misère, comparé à celui de Leslie Wexner, fondateur de L Brands, Leon Black, pilier de Wall Street, ou Elizabeth Johnson, héritière de la fortune du groupe pharmaceutique Johnson & Johnson, auprès desquels il a joué les conseillers financiers.

Propriétaire d’un des plus grands hôtels particuliers de New York, d’une île privée dans les Caraïbes, d’un domaine à Palm Beach (Floride), d’un ranch au Nouveau-Mexique, d’un appartement à Paris, de plusieurs avions dont un Boeing 727 baptisé « Lolita Express », Jeffrey Epstein était tout le temps en mouvement.

De l’enseignement des maths à Wall Street
Issu d’un milieu modeste de Brooklyn, il fait son entrée dans le monde de l’argent sur un gros mensonge et un énorme coup de chance. En 1976, ce raté des études universitaires – mais excellent pianiste – avait décroché un emploi de professeur de mathématiques à la Dalton School, une école privée new-yorkaise pour enfants de bonne famille.

À l’invitation d’un parent d’élève, il se rend un soir dans une galerie d’art de Manhattan. C’est là que le jeune et bel homme chevelu rencontre un autre parent d’élève de Dalton, informé par sa progéniture de son don pour les maths.

L’homme lui demande s’il a songé à travailler pour une banque de Wall Street, car manifestement il gaspille ses talents à Dalton. C’est du reste l’avis de la direction de l’école qui s’apprête à le renvoyer… Quelle aubaine : le parent d’élève est un ami d’« Ace » Greenberg, figure légendaire de la banque d’investissement Bear Stearns.

Un entretien est rapidement arrangé avec ‹ Ace », banquier haut en couleur qui, à la différence de ses homologues de firmes plus prestigieuses, ne recrute guère les diplômés de Harvard, Yale et Princeton, mais plutôt les jeunes à la tête bien faite, débordant d’envie d’être riches, sans être trop exigeants concernant les méthodes pour y parvenir.

Greenberg et son bras droit, Michael Tennenbaum, sont impressionnés. Epstein, grâce à un bagou bien calibré, est embauché immédiatement. À Wall Street, on a toujours besoin d’un bon vendeur. Et Jeffrey Epstein savait déjà très bien se vendre. Le jeune dilettante, invité un soir chez les Greenberg, ose aborder la fille de son patron, Lynne (20 ans). Ils commencent à se fréquenter en ville. Le voici doublement « protégé ».

Quand le mensonge paye
Aussi, lorsque Tennenbaum, après vérification tardive du CV de la jeune recrue, découvre qu’il a menti et n’est pas doublement diplômé d’institutions californiennes, il est presque trop tard pour le renvoyer : Jeffrey Epstein est dans la place et a fait ses preuves.

« Pourquoi avez-vous menti ? » lui demande Tennenbaum. « Je savais que, sinon, personne ne me donnerait ma chance », lui répondit Epstein, avec une désinvolte assurance. Au lieu de l’évincer sur-le-champ, Bear Stearns lui donne une deuxième chance. Le play-boy comprend alors, à l’âge de 23 ans, que lorsqu’il est bien pratiqué, le mensonge paye.

Lynne Greenberg, interrogée des années plus tard par le New York Times, déclara : « Il mentait à propos de tout ». Sa relation avec Epstein fut brève. En revanche, le jeune loup manipulateur perfectionna l’art de la séduction au sein de la banque pour faire avancer sa carrière. Même celles avec lesquelles il devait rompre rapidement lui gardaient suffisamment de respect pour aider à sa promotion.

Mais c’est avant tout grâce à son amitié avec Jimmy Cayne, futur patron de Bear Stearns, qu’Epstein commence à déjeuner plusieurs fois par semaine avec de riches dirigeants d’entreprise. Il se révèle expert en montages financiers pour minimiser l’imposition des bons clients. En 1980, il est rattrapé par le contrôle de gestion de la banque pour avoir falsifié des notes de frais afin de faire payer par son employeur des robes et bijoux destinés à l’une de ses maîtresses. Une fois de plus, on passe l’éponge. Le jeune banquier est devenu entre-temps le plus jeune associé de la firme.

Le nouveau monde des millionnaires britanniques
L’autorité réglementaire des marchés boursiers a bien failli ensuite l’épingler pour distribution d’informations confidentielles à ses amis et maîtresses. Faute de preuve, l’enquête est classée sans suite. Mais Bear Stearns, un an plus tard, le prend la main dans le sac à informer ses proches des dates de cotation en Bourse de nouvelles sociétés, ce qui à l’époque permettait de réaliser de rapides plus-values. Plutôt que d’être suspendu pendant deux mois et payer une amende de 2500 dollars, Epstein joue les offensés et donne sa démission. Libéré de la banque, il va continuer en solo de s’infiltrer dans les milieux les plus huppés, usant de son expérience, de son intuition sur la nature humaine et de son charme.

Cette vie suppose d’énormes moyens. Il faut s’habiller chic, voyager dans le luxe, inviter, paraître et tenir son rang. Grâce aux relations d’une de ses conquêtes chez Bear Stearns, une ancienne Miss Indianapolis, il découvre alors un monde nouveau, différent de celui des nouveaux millionnaires américains : celui du « Old Money » britannique.

Il en apprend les codes, les rites, en apprivoisant Douglas Leese, figure anglaise du monde de l’armement, très bien introduit dans les milieux politiques du Royaume-Uni. Il enseigne les maths au fils de son nouveau mentor. Ce dernier lui apprend la chasse et le tir. Leese l’embauche comme consultant. Par la suite, l’homme d’affaires se fâchera avec Epstein, découvrant qu’il abuse de ses notes de frais, multipliant les voyages en Concorde et les séjours dans les plus grands hôtels.

Des femmes attirées dans la gueule du loup
Ses anciennes relations nouées chez Bear Stearns lui donnent accès à des investisseurs enrichis par la création de leurs entreprises. Il accepte leur argent en échange de promesses de rendements mirifiques dans des spéculations sur le pétrole. Les sommes importantes disparaissent et ne produiront jamais de rendement. Poursuivi devant les tribunaux, il échappe à toute condamnation, en démontrant qu’il n’était pas personnellement responsable du capital investi. Il l’a pourtant dilapidé en hôtels, voyages, restaurants et autres extravagances nécessaires à l’entretien de riches relations intimes : en 1982, on le voyait ainsi, bien accompagné, rouler en Rolls dans les rues de Manhattan. Un jour, une mannequin blonde suédoise (« l’amour de sa vie »), un autre une riche actrice espagnole...

Une des occupations qu’il s’est inventées pour intriguer les riches : la traque d’actifs et d’argent dus à des héritiers, supposément cachés dans des paradis fiscaux exotiques. Le plus incroyable est que, parfois, il parvient à trouver des fonds dissimulés dans des comptes secrets, ce qui entretient sa réputation.

Ses amis à Bear Stearns continuent de l’aider pendant des années : il est devenu leur client, passant par eux pour placer des ordres en Bourse. En retour, de jeunes femmes recrutées par la banque étaient souvent dépêchées dans son appartement de la Solow Tower, dans l’Upper East Side de Manhattan, pour lui livrer des documents. Une fois dans la gueule du loup, il fallait que ces jeunes femmes apprécient le sauna, la piscine de la luxueuse résidence, et qu’elles s’improvisent masseuses.

À la fin des années 80, Epstein s’est brièvement associé à Steven Hoffenberg, un spécialiste du recouvrement de créances, pour, ostensiblement, prendre le contrôle de sociétés en difficulté. Un de leurs objectifs supposés : la compagnie aérienne Pan Am. Hoffenberg était en fait un escroc qui montait une pyramide de Ponzi. Il fut condamné par la suite à 20 ans de prison. Bien que désigné comme complice, Epstein allait encore échapper à toute sanction.

En bernant de riches relations qui croyaient lui acheter des obligations, Epstein a monté des spéculations inimaginables aujourd’hui : il accumulait avec d’autres « investisseurs » des actions dans une société, faisant courir le bruit qu’ils lanceraient une OPA. Dès que l’action flambait, ils vendaient leurs parts avec une grosse plus-value.

Piocher dans la fortune du propriétaire de Victoria’s Secret
Le plus bel accélérateur de richesse et de prestige dans la carrière d’aigrefin de Jeffrey Epstein : sa rencontre dans un vol New York-Palm Beach avec Les Wexner, authentique milliardaire, fondateur et propriétaire des chaînes Victoria’s Secret et Limited. En un an, Epstein parvient à évincer le conseiller financier de longue date de Wexner, prend les rênes de sa fortune, au point d’obtenir une procuration lui permettant de signer toutes sortes de « deals » pour le compte de son employeur. L’entourage de Wexner, alarmé, embauche l’agence de détective Kroll, pour fouiller dans le passé chargé de l’escroc. Rien à faire : Wexner est sous le charme d’Epstein.

Sous prétexte de « mettre de l’ordre » dans ses comptes, Epstein a pioché dans la fortune du milliardaire : c’est à ce moment-là, par exemple, qu’il achète une grande propriété à Palm Beach proche de Mar-a-Lago où un certain Donald Trump mène grand train. Les deux hommes deviennent amis, pour un temps.

Première inculpation pour prostitution de mineures en 2007
Travaillant officiellement pour Wexler, depuis des hôtels particuliers ou des propriétés détenues par l’homme qui a réinventé la distribution de vêtements dans les centres commerciaux, Epstein profite de ce statut pour aller encore plus loin dans la constitution de son réseau de célébrités, d’artistes, de politiques, de princes, de riches patrons et de starlettes. Sa première inculpation pour sollicitation et prostitution de mineures, en 2007, précipita la rupture de sa relation avec Wexler. Il réussit par la suite à gérer la fortune d’un géant de Wall Street, Leon Black, à qui il avait été présenté un soir de gala où Epstein jouait les mécènes. En 2021, Black, fondateur du puissant fonds Apollo Global Management, fut écarté de sa firme en raison de son association devenue trop publique avec Epstein.

Le septuagénaire argue qu’il a versé des dizaines de millions de dollars au sulfureux financier uniquement en échange de ses conseils en matière fiscale, patrimoniale et en achat d’œuvres d’art. L’explication est peu plausible, au regard des immenses ressources dont Black disposait ailleurs de la part de cabinets bien mieux réputés. Des centaines de milliers de dollars ont été versés par Black, selon la presse américaine, à des femmes accusant Epstein d’agression sexuelle. Ce dernier fut également approché par des femmes accusant Black d’agression sexuelle. Les avocats du célèbre banquier maintiennent qu’Epstein n’a jamais été en position d’extorquer quoi que ce soit à son bienfaiteur.

Elizabeth Johnson, héritière de la fortune derrière le géant de la pharmacie, Johnson & Johnson, fait également partie des personnalités reconnues comme ayant fait appel aux conseils de Jeffrey Epstein. Ariane de Rothschild, banquière française, aussi. Elle a rémunéré Epstein pour ses services à hauteur d’au moins 15 millions de dollars, en 2015, selon le New York Times, c’est-à-dire après sa sortie de prison en Floride. Un autre moyen de s’enrichir, bien maîtrisé par Jeffrey Epstein : la localisation d’une partie de sa richesse aux îles Vierges, où la taxation et la coopération des autorités locales facilitent la perpétration de toutes sortes de trafics. En achetant Little Saint James, îlot de 0,3 km², en 1998, Epstein ne cherchait pas simplement le soleil et la plage. Il voulait aussi dissimuler ses multiples agissements criminels.

TechCrunch : Amazon and Google are winning the AI capex race — but what’s the pr

Amazon and Google are winning the AI capex race — but what’s the prize?

Sometimes, it can seem like the AI industry is racing to see who can spend the most money on data centers. Whoever builds the most data centers will have the most compute, the thinking goes, and thus be able to build the best AI products, which will guarantee victory in the years to come. There are limits to this way of thinking — traditionally, businesses eventually succeed by making more money and spending less — but it’s proven remarkably persuasive for large tech companies.

If that is the game, Amazon does seem to be winning.

The company announced in its earnings on Thursday that it projects $200 billion in capital expenditures throughout 2026, across “AI, chips, robotics, and low earth orbit satellites.” That’s up from the $131.8 billion in capex in 2025. It’s tempting to attribute the whole capex budget to AI. But unlike most of its competitors, Amazon has a significant physical plant, some of which is being converted for use by expensive robots, so the non-AI expenses aren’t so easy to wave away.

Google is close behind. In its earnings on Wednesday, the company projected between $175 billion and $185 billion in capital expenditures for 2026, up from $91.4 billion the previous year. It’s significantly more than the company spent on fixed assets last year, and significantly more than most of its competitors are spending.

Meta, which reported last week, projected $115 billion to $135 billion in capex spending for 2026, while Oracle (once the poster child for AI infrastructure) projects a measly $50 billion. Microsoft doesn’t have an official projection for 2026 yet, but the most recent quarterly figure was $37.5 billion, which pencils out to roughly $150 billion, assuming it keeps up. It’s a notable increase, and one that has led to investor pressure on CEO Satya Nadella — but it still puts the company in third place.

From within the tech world, the logic here is simple. The revolutionary potential of AI is going to turn high-end compute into the scarce resource of the future, and only companies that control their own supply will survive. But while Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Meta, Oracle, and others are frantically prepping for the compute desert of the future, their investors aren’t convinced. Each company saw its stock price plummet as investors balked at the hundreds of billions of dollars being committed, and companies with higher spends tended to drop more.

Crucially, this isn’t just a problem for companies like Meta that haven’t figured out their AI product strategy yet. It’s everyone — even companies like Microsoft and Amazon with a robust cloud business and a straightforward take on how to make money in the AI era. The numbers are simply too high for investor comfort.

Investor sentiment isn’t everything — and in this case, it may not do much to change the industry’s mind. If you believe AI is about to change everything (and the argument is pretty compelling at this point), you’d be a fool to change course just because Wall Street got jumpy. But going forward, Big Tech companies will be under a lot of pressure to downplay how expensive their AI ambitions really are.

>>> SpaceX / xAI Merger – Reading Between the Lines

Following the WSJ's detailed account of the SpaceX-xAI merger, I wanted to share my reading of the deal and its broader implications.

The headline is a $1.25 trillion mega-merger combining Musk's rocket and satellite business with his AI startup. The reality, in my view, is a carefully sequenced liquidity and valuation crystallization event ahead of a summer IPO.

The mechanics are telling:

• SpaceX's board self-valued at $1 trillion — a 25% premium to the $800 billion secondary market price just weeks prior — with no independent fairness opinion.
• xAI was valued at $250 billion despite significant cash burn, recent executive departures, and no proven revenue model at scale.
• Morgan Stanley advised both sides of the transaction (Musk controls both entities), eliminating the adversarial tension that typically protects minority shareholders.
• The deal closed in two days. This was not a negotiation.
• An IPO was announced immediately thereafter for this summer.

The strategic narrative — orbital data centers, AI-space convergence, the "K2" entity references to the Kardashev scale — provides an ambitious wrapper around what is fundamentally a financial engineering exercise. The sequence is clear: merge the capital-intensive AI business into the strongest asset (Starlink/SpaceX), anchor xAI's valuation to a real cash-generating business, and IPO the combined entity into peak AI enthusiasm.

Several structural concerns deserve attention:

• SpaceX legacy investors have been diluted roughly 20% by xAI shareholders at what many consider an inflated valuation.
• xAI faces brutal competition from OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google, with no discernible moat for Grok.
• The orbital data center technology is entirely unproven — the University of Chicago professor quoted in the article draws a direct parallel to AOL-Time Warner, the defining peak-cycle merger of the dot-com era.
• IPO timing (summer 2025) appears optimised for the seller, not the buyer — maximum AI narrative momentum before potential revenue disappointments materialise across the sector.

The Tesla dimension adds another layer of concern. Musk's decision to repurpose Tesla manufacturing capacity towards Optimus humanoid robots raises serious questions about capital allocation discipline. Humanoid robotics remains years — likely a decade or more — from viable commercialisation at scale. The core engineering challenges around dexterity, reliability, battery life, and real-world autonomy are formidable, and no player in the industry is close to solving them. Redirecting production lines away from electric vehicles — a business already under pressure from declining deliveries and fierce Chinese competition — towards a product with no clear path to revenue looks less like strategic vision and more like narrative management. It provides Musk with a new "moonshot" story for Tesla at precisely the moment the EV growth narrative is faltering, while conveniently justifying lower near-term vehicle output.

The broader context reinforces my reading. Tesla faces declining deliveries, intensifying Chinese competition, and growing brand risk from Musk's political exposure. Space launch competition is accelerating (Blue Origin, Rocket Lab, state-backed programmes). Musk's personal liquidity needs are considerable — Tesla compensation litigation, legacy X/Twitter debt, xAI capital expenditure, and political commitments.

The contrarian case: if Starlink's near-monopoly in LEO broadband delivers the economics bulls expect, the core SpaceX business could support the valuation regardless of xAI's trajectory. The AI narrative becomes a free option rather than a liability. At $1.25 trillion, however, much of that is already priced in.

My view: this is peak-narrative monetisation across the Musk empire. Whether it is merging xAI into SpaceX ahead of an IPO, or pivoting Tesla factories towards humanoid robots with no commercial horizon, the pattern is consistent — replace weakening fundamentals with ambitious new storylines to sustain valuations. The "space-AI convergence" story is the packaging. The IPO is the product.

Happy to discuss implications for positioning.

Best regards,
Laurent

WSJ : Inside Elon Musk’s $1.25 Trillion AI and Space Megamerger

Inside Elon Musk’s $1.25 Trillion AI and Space Megamerger
The fast-tracked deal is premised on SpaceX’s satellite prowess combining with xAI’s technology

  • SpaceX and xAI agreed to merge on Jan. 31, creating a $1.25 trillion company, the largest U.S. corporate tie-up by value.
  • SpaceX was valued at $1 trillion and xAI at $250 billion by their respective boards for the merger.
  • The merger will help fund xAI’s growth and realize Elon Musk’s vision of orbiting data centers for artificial intelligence.

Elon Musk took a gulp of water on stage at the World Economic Forum in Switzerland last month and started talking up one of his latest passions: data centers orbiting Earth.

“The lowest-cost place to put AI will be space,” Musk said. “That will be true within two years, maybe three.”

Behind the scenes, the groundwork was already under way for a megamerger of SpaceX and xAI—his artificial-intelligence startup—intended to make the sci-fi vision a reality.

Within days, bankers from Morgan Stanley provided an estimated valuation of both companies that could be used to structure a merger, according to people familiar with the matter and investor disclosures viewed by The Wall Street Journal. SpaceX’s board decided as of Jan. 30 the company was worth $1 trillion, and xAI’s board decided it was worth $250 billion, the documents show.

SpaceX and xAI signed a merger agreement creating a $1.25 trillion company on Jan. 31. The deal closed two days later, making it the biggest corporate tie-up by value in American history.

The merger follows a busy year in dealmaking for Musk, from the combination of his social-media company X and xAI to Tesla’s $2 billion investment in the AI firm. It also promises a windfall for investors in xAI.

The billionaire entrepreneur has envisioned making xAI’s Grok the most popular artificial intelligence in the world, and building out its capabilities requires a lot of money. And for the startup, being hitched to SpaceX ahead of an initial public offering of stock gives it more financial muscle to compete with the likes of OpenAI and Anthropic.

However, longtime investors in the satellite builder and rocket operator have had to make room for Musk’s AI shareholders, and they face the prospect of supporting an artificial-intelligence company through what some believe to be a bubble reminiscent of the dot-com boom and bust.

Merging SpaceX and xAI represents a level of risk-taking and ambition that is novel even for Musk. The $1.25 trillion value assigned to the new SpaceX is a bet on Musk’s plan for the convergence of AI and space. It is also a wager on unproven technology deployed at a vast scale.

In a memo sent to employees Monday, Musk said starting launches of AI satellites is the company’s immediate focus. SpaceX, xAI and Musk didn’t respond to requests for comment.

New vision
Work on the deal gathered steam around the time Musk won a key victory in November, when Tesla investors endorsed his moonshot $1 trillion pay package, the largest ever for a public-company boss.

Not long after that, members of his inner circle set their sights on an even more audacious target: merging SpaceX and xAI. Combining them had emerged as a priority, people familiar with the deal said, given xAI’s capital needs and SpaceX’s coming IPO.

Some investors in xAI became convinced Musk’s companies should be more intertwined, given the ties the AI firm already had established with them.

Soon enough, SpaceX executives were selling the company’s new focus on AI satellites in discussions with banks and large investors, people familiar with those discussions said. The space company previously told investors it would generate ​​roughly $8 billion in adjusted earnings on $16 billion in revenue in 2025.

For investors, Musk’s corporate maneuvers have often been lucrative: Banks that held underwater debts from his buyout of Twitter were ultimately repaid at around 100 cents on the dollar plus years of high-interest payments.

“You invest with Elon and that is what you get, and if you don’t like it, you leave,” said Ross Gerber, an independent investment adviser and longtime investor in Musk companies, including X and Tesla.

Ties that bind
Musk has previously united disparate corners of his business empire. Last year, he merged X, the social-media company formerly known as Twitter, and xAI into one company valued at an estimated $113 billion. Before the deal, X had also owned a stake in xAI and they did business with each other.

The transaction would ultimately serve as a blueprint of sorts for the tie-up between SpaceX and xAI.

SpaceX was one of xAI’s earliest enterprise customers. It has been scaling up the internal use of Spok, a tailored version of xAI’s Grok chatbot that has been trained on the space company’s data, according to people familiar with the matter.

Last summer, SpaceX invested in xAI while pressing forward with a busy launch schedule and expanding its Starlink satellite-internet service.

At xAI, contractors broke ground on a second data-center project around Memphis, Tenn. But several executives left Musk’s artificial intelligence startup because of concerns about its management and financial health. Leaders from Valor Equity Partners, which is also a SpaceX investor, got more involved with running the company, the Journal reported.

Behind the scenes, SpaceX had been studying how orbital data centers could work and had a technical breakthrough associated with the technology last fall, the Journal has reported.

Musk began talking more, including on X and at events, about harnessing the sun’s energy to power orbital data centers. On Jan. 21, SpaceX filed documents in Nevada, where xAI is incorporated, to create entities overseen by its finance chief, Bret Johnsen.

Those entities, later used for the merger, carried the name K2, an apparent homage to the Kardashev scale—a theoretical framework that illustrates a civilization’s advancement through energy usage, including from stars.

The next day, Musk touted his vision for the future of AI data centers in space on stage in Davos, while professionals involved with making the deal happen were getting to work, according to people familiar with the matter.

Bankers at Morgan Stanley, long Musk’s bank of choice, worked on both sides of the deal, a somewhat unusual arrangement, as each company in an M&A deal typically hires its own advisers to ensure it is getting a fair shake. But in this case, Musk controls both companies.

At the high end, the bank said, SpaceX could be valued at as much as $1.26 trillion, far north of the $800 billion valuation it targeted as part of a recent secondary stock sale. They said xAI could be worth as much as $294 billion.

Both companies went for clean, round numbers: SpaceX’s board decided as of Jan. 30 the company was worth $1 trillion, and xAI’s board decided it was worth $250 billion, the investor disclosures show. Morgan Stanley didn’t provide a “fairness opinion” on the valuations, a common feature in some M&A deals to ensure they were reasonable, although it is less common in transactions between private companies.

Morgan Stanley declined to comment.

Sealing the deal
Steve Kaplan, a professor of finance at the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, said the transaction reminded him of deals in the dot-com boom, like the $180 billion merger between AOL and Time Warner.

“That’s the thing that’s very hard here,” Kaplan said. “They’ve come up with their valuations and their share exchange rates, and you don’t know how accurate those numbers are, particularly since neither one is public.”

The rationale behind merging two very different companies has been the subject of intense discussion among people close to SpaceX.

Many are supportive of the new vision. They expect the company to frequently launch orbital data centers on Starship, a rocket still under development, similar to how it deployed the largest satellite fleet in history with Starlink on a different SpaceX vehicle.

However, some SpaceX investors believe xAI investors gained a larger stake in the combined company than they would have preferred. The transaction is handing xAI investors a roughly 20% stake in the combined company.

On a call with investors on Monday, SpaceX representatives including CFO Johnsen confirmed plans to take the company public this summer, according to people familiar with the discussions.