Rift in Pine Island Glacier points to a coming, broader collapse
Scientists say they discovered the "troubling" reason why a massive iceberg splintered off one of West Antarctica's largest glaciers last year, and why this may not bode well for the future of the world's coastal megacities.
Warm ocean waters appear to have melted Pine Island Glacier from underneath, causing a deep subsurface crack that split the ice from the inside out, Ohio State University researchers found.
The 20-mile-long rift eventually broke through the surface and cleaved off a 225-square-mile iceberg in July 2015, according to their study, published Monday in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
Their finding offers further evidence that large parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could collapse in coming decades as human-caused climate change and other forces weaken glaciers. Such an event would trigger catastrophic sea level rise and coastal flooding around the world.
"It's generally accepted that it's no longer a question of whether the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will melt, it's a question of when," Ian Howat, the study's lead author and an associate professor of Earth sciences at Ohio State, said in a news release.
"This kind of rifting behavior provides another mechanism for rapid retreat of these glaciers, adding to the probability that we may see significant collapse of West Antarctica in our lifetimes," he added.
Weaker glaciers
Pine Island and the neighboring Thwaites Glacier act like plugs in a kitchen sink: they keep the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's ice streams from flowing directly into the ocean and boosting sea levels.
But as the ice shelves and land-based ice behind them break apart, the main ice sheet loses both its plugs and its defenses against the encroaching warming ocean.
Ice crevasses near the coast of West Antarctica from a window of a NASA Operation IceBridge airplane, Oct. 28, 2016.
IMAGE: MARIO TAMA/GETTY IMAGES
West Antarctica's collapse alone could cause sea levels to rise by more than a meter, or 3.4 feet, by 2100, according to a March study in Nature. Other studies project sea level rise of around 10 feet, an amount that would engulf megacities from New York and Miami to Manila and Dhaka.
Howat and his Ohio State team first noticed the Pine Island rift while they were analyzing Landsat 8 satellite images taken before the iceberg broke off in 2015. The images showed evidence of a rift, which scientists found had started nearly 20 miles inland in 2013, extending out over the next two years.
Rifts typically form on the thin, outermost stretches of an ice shelf that are most vulnerable to breaking into chunks. But this particular rift on Pine Island started near the center of the ice shelf, which tends to be sturdier.
While scientists have observed inland rifts on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Monday's study is the first evidence of a deep subsurface rift opening within Antarctic ice.
Howat said the rift began at the bottom of a glacial valley in the ice shelf. Warming ocean water likely intruded far inland, weakening the center of the ice shelf from below and creating a deep crack.
"The really troubling thing is that there are many of these valleys further up-glacier," Howat said in the news release. "If they are actually sites of weakness that are prone to rifting, we could potentially see more accelerated ice loss in Antarctica."
Monday’s study will be particularly “useful” for glaciologists trying to project how ice sheets will respond to the changes around them, said Richard Alley, a climate expert and glaciologist at Penn State University, who was not involved in the new research.
A section of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet with mountains, as seen from a NASA Operation IceBridge plane, Oct. 28, 2016.
IMAGE: MARIO TAMA/GETTY IMAGES
Fractures are often difficult to represent accurately in ice-sheet models, because it’s hard to know exactly how breaks will happen, Alley said.
“Think of the ceramic coffee cups you have seen dropped on hard floors — the ones that bounced, or chipped, or broke in a few pieces, or smashed,” Alley told Mashable.
He agreed there is solid scientific evidence that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could experience significant collapse in our lifetimes.
“This is not certain, clearly, but is possible, depending both on decisions humans make, and on processes and conditions that we don’t fully know,” he said.
A section of ice near the coast of West Antarctica, seen from a window of a NASA Operation IceBridge airplane, Oct. 31, 2016.
IMAGE: MARIO TAMA/GETTY IMAGES
Ian Joughin, a senior engineer with the University of Washington’s Applied Physics Laboratory, said he was less certain that Monday’s study offered new insights on the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
He said the Pine Island ice shelf naturally needs to calve icebergs regularly to keep pace with the ice flowing out of Antarctica. “The site where the calving occurred is not remarkably different than that where previous calving events have occurred,” Joughin told Mashable.
He said the new findings are “something to be concerned about, but it’s too soon to tell whether this might be a process that could significantly alter the already substantial pace of retreat” on Pine Island.
Sea ice streaks near the coast of West Antarctica, Oct. 28, 2016 in-flight over Antarctica.
IMAGE: MARIO TAMA/GETTY IMAGES
By studying this type of glacial breaking, scientists could be able to better understand when and how a larger collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet might happen — but not how to stop it.
A separate study recently found that thinning ice and glacier retreat in West Antarctica is "unlikely to be reversible without a major change in marine or glaciological conditions."
The study, published Nov. 23 in the journal Nature, found that the Pine Island Glacier likely first became destabilized in the 1940s following an unusually strong and long-lasting El Niño event in the Pacific Ocean.
The researchers — a team of U.S., British, Dutch, German and Swiss scientists — didn't evaluate the role of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions and global warming in Pine Island's historical melting. But the team noted that, even after the 1940s-era El Niño ended and temperatures cooled off, the glacial retreat hasn't stopped.
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The head of the European Central Bank has promised that the eurozone’s monetary policymakers will make a decision on the third leg of quantitative easing in early December.
Mario Draghi confirmed in an interview with Spanish newspaper El Pais that the governing council would decide on December 8 whether to extend QE beyond March 2017, quashing any remaining doubts that the bank would wait until next year to make a decision on the programme.
Until then, the ECB has committed to buy around €80bn in bonds each month.
Mr Draghi also suggested that the bank’s policymakers could discuss buying fewer assets each month — known in central bank speak as tapering — but for a longer period of time.
“We can deliver the appropriate stance by different combinations of instruments, for instance the amount of monthly purchases or the length of time over which they take place,” the ECB president said.
“I won’t prejudge the debate on the various options.”
Iberdrola seeks EUR 1bn-EUR 1.5bn targets in several countries; signs confidentiality deal with WGL
Iberdrola [BME:IBE] is seeking to acquire energy assets in regulated businesses operating in stable countries like the US, and WGL Holdings [NYSE:WGL], a Washington-DC-based natural gas and energy provider, could be a target, Expansion reported. According to the item, which cited sources close to the Spanish energy group, the two companies have signed a confidentiality agreement.
Iberdrola is looking for targets valued at between EUR 1bn (USD 1.06bn) and EUR 1.5bn (USD 1.59bn) and WGL’s market capitalisation stood yesterday (29 November) at USD 3.85bn, the paper noted. The acquisition would be made through Iberdrola's Maine-based unit Avangrid [AGR (NYSE)], of which it controls 85%.
Unspecified sources told the Spanish-language paper that WGL is seeking a buyer and is ready to consider offers for some assets or the entire company.
Iberdrola also wants to grow in Mexico, Brazil, the UK and Spain, Expansion said.