Le Monde : De Beyrouth à Téhéran ou Ankara, la longue fuite des chefs du Hamas

De Beyrouth à Téhéran ou Ankara, la longue fuite des chefs du Hamas

Après des décennies de vicissitudes dans les capitales arabes, la direction en exil du mouvement islamiste palestinien est en bout de course. Partout parias, les leaders de l’organisation voient leur horizon se rétrécir.

Dans les couloirs feutrés de l’Hôtel Renaissance Mirage, au Caire, des touristes occidentaux en chaussons et peignoir croisent d’anciens détenus palestiniens en jogging noir, hagards et le dos voûté par des années d’enfermement. Condamnés à perpétuité en Israël, ils ont été expulsés le 13 octobre, dans le cadre de l’accord de cessez-le-feu conclu avec le Hamas à Gaza. Parmi les 154 personnes priées par leurs hôtes égyptiens de reprendre des forces au plus vite avant de décamper, 18 sont des cadres du Hamas. Devenus parias comme les chefs en exil de leur mouvement, ils n’ont plus d’Etat disposé à les accueillir, depuis l’attaque terroriste menée contre Israël le 7 octobre 2023.

Le patron du renseignement intérieur israélien l’avait promis : les leaders du Hamas seront « éliminés », où qu’ils se trouvent. « Au Liban, en Turquie, au Qatar, partout ! Cela prendra des années, mais nous serons là », avait assuré Ronen Bar, en décembre 2023. La menace fut aussitôt mise à exécution. En janvier 2024, Saleh Al-Arouri, numéro deux du Hamas, est tué dans une frappe de drone à Beyrouth. Sept mois plus tard, c’est au tour du numéro un, Ismaïl Haniyeh, d’être assassiné à Téhéran.

En septembre, une salve de missiles israéliens cible, au Qatar, le siège du bureau politique du Hamas. Les dirigeants en réchappent, mais l’attaque fait sept morts, dont le fils du principal négociateur, Khalil Al-Hayya. Un mois plus tard, l’accord de paix voulu par Donald Trump offre un répit à ces fugitifs. Le président américain a besoin d’eux pour la suite des négociations, mais l’Occident et la majorité des Etats arabes exigent leur reddition politique et militaire. Ils doivent disparaître.

L’histoire palestinienne bégaye. L’attaque du 7-Octobre a relancé l’éparpillement des leaders palestiniens. Comme Yasser Arafat et les cadres de l’Organisation de libération de la Palestine (OLP) entre les années 1970 et l’année 1994, les chefs du Hamas sont rompus à la clandestinité. Traqués par les services israéliens, ils naviguent de capitale en capitale depuis les années 1990. Mais l’horizon se resserre. Beyrouth et Sanaa ne sont plus sûrs. Bagdad pas davantage. Téhéran ? « Qui irait encore leur parler, là-bas ? Et puis ils s’y feront tirer dessus par Israël… », confie un diplomate arabe qui les fréquente.

L’histoire du conflit israélo-palestinien est aussi celle de leurs vicissitudes, des rivalités d’influence entre leurs hôtes et des occasions manquées par ces idéologues qui ont échoué à se rendre fréquentables en Occident et ont perdu tout contrôle sur Gaza, au profit des militaires qui survivent dans les tunnels de l’enclave. Jusqu’où peuvent-ils fuir ?

Au Caire, les anciens prisonniers du Hamas expulsés par Israël attendent des passeports. « L’Autorité palestinienne [AP] n’a aucune envie de les aider », affirme Qaddoura Fares, ex-ministre chargé des détenus à Ramallah. Le Hamas presse l’administration Trump de convaincre les rares pays tentés de leur ouvrir la porte. Un cadre du mouvement, Fawzi Barhoum, a été récemment aperçu en Algérie. Mais Alger reste lointaine. Islamabad, Kuala Lumpur, Djakarta, Pékin : autant de destinations évoquées, autant de culs-de-sac.

« Bien sûr, nous sommes heureux d’avoir échappé aux traitements inhumains de nos geôliers, mais l’exil reste une épreuve difficile, un désastre de la vie », confie au Monde Mahmoud Issa, l’un des doyens des prisonniers du Hamas, lors d’un entretien en visioconférence, début novembre. Avec ses compagnons, il a dû quitter l’Hôtel Mirage pour un autre établissement situé au cœur de la Cité olympique internationale, dans la banlieue semi-désertique du Caire, à 50 kilomètres du centre-ville.

Ce déménagement pourrait être lié à un article tapageur, publié le 25 octobre par le Daily Mail, embarrassant pour les autorités égyptiennes. Le quotidien britannique avait décrit Mahmoud Issa attablé avec d’autres « tueurs endurcis », savourant un petit déjeuner fastueux, au milieu d’innocents touristes « qui ne se doutent de rien ».

Le visage émacié, les yeux cernés, Mahmoud Issa porte les stigmates de plus de trente ans de détention dans les geôles israéliennes. Au sein du Hamas, l’homme est un héros. En 1992, il avait tenté de faire libérer son mentor, Cheikh Ahmed Yassine, en organisant l’enlèvement du sergent-chef israélien Nissim Toledano. Sans preuve de vie du militaire, Tel-Aviv ignora l’ultimatum, et le commando palestinien exécuta son prisonnier. Arrêté en juin 1993, Mahmoud Issa a accumulé treize années en cellule d’isolement et plusieurs grèves de la faim. Désormais libre, mais pris dans les limbes des négociations internationales, il dit : « Mon rôle est maintenant terminé… »

I. L’exil libanais comme incubateur
L’opération que Mahmoud Issa dirigea au début des années 1990 eut en réalité des répercussions qui allaient transformer durablement le rapport de force entre l’Etat hébreu et le mouvement islamiste palestinien, et qu’aucune des deux parties n’avait envisagées. Le lendemain de la découverte du corps supplicié du sergent-chef Nissim Toledano, le 16 décembre 1992, Israël arrête quelque 400 membres présumés du Hamas à Gaza. Menottés, les yeux bandés, ils sont expulsés en bus vers le Liban, abandonnés près de Marj Al-Zohour, dans un froid mordant, avec 50 dollars, un manteau et deux couvertures pour tout bagage.

Mais, au lieu de fragmenter l’organisation, cet exil forcé allait devenir un incubateur stratégique. La chercheuse Leila Seurat, dans son ouvrage Le Hamas et le monde (CNRS Editions, 2015), voit dans cet épisode l’« acte de naissance de [s]a politique étrangère ». Car, des villages alentour, le Hezbollah les observe, puis les prend sous son aile : des convois d’ânes acheminent tentes, nourriture et savon. Bientôt, des médias affluent du monde entier, discrètement escortés par des instructeurs de la milice chiite libanaise.

Parmi les Palestiniens, un jeune homme aux yeux noirs attire l’attention : Yéhia Ayache, diplômé en génie électrique. Repéré par les Libanais pour son habileté dans la confection de bombes artisanales, il est formé à recruter des candidats au suicide, capables d’opérer dans sa Cisjordanie natale. Pendant ce temps, les images de Marj Al-Zohour font le tour du monde, contraignant Israël, face au scandale, à autoriser le retour des exilés. Yéhia Ayache met aussitôt en pratique ce qu’il a appris. Dès avril 1993, il frappe la colonie de Mehola, à 50 kilomètres au nord-est de Naplouse : l’attentat-suicide à la voiture piégée blesse huit soldats israéliens et tue un Palestinien, serveur dans un snack-bar. C’est la première d’une série d’attaques sanglantes, orchestrées par l’« ingénieur » du Hamas, qui compromettent le jeune processus de paix d’Oslo.

Parmi les exilés du Liban se trouvaient d’autres figures promises à un destin majeur au sein du Hamas. Ismaïl Haniyeh deviendra un éphémère premier ministre, à la suite de la victoire électorale du parti islamiste aux législatives palestiniennes en 2006. Le médecin Mahmoud Al-Zahar sera le ministre des affaires étrangères. Imad Al-Alami inaugurera bientôt le premier bureau de représentation du Hamas à l’étranger, à Téhéran où il joue un rôle-clé dans les relations du mouvement avec l’Iran. Après des séjours à Amman, Damas et Istanbul, l’homme retourne à Gaza en 2012. Il meurt en 2018, d’une balle dans la tête, tirée par accident en nettoyant son arme. Ayman Al-Taha, lui, s’enrichira prodigieusement grâce aux tunnels de contrebande entre Gaza et le Sinaï égyptien. Soupçonné de « profits illégaux », il est arrêté en 2014 par le Hamas, qui le fait disparaître sans bruit lors de l’opération israélienne « Bordure protectrice ».

Ce premier exil au Liban pousse le Hamas à établir une partie de sa direction à l’étranger, hors de portée des raids israéliens. Un bureau de représentation est créé à Amman, en 1993. Sous la houlette de Khaled Mechaal – l’un des 300 000 Palestiniens expulsés du Koweït, en 1991, au moment de la guerre du Golfe –, des fonds sont levés pour financer les opérations armées, lui conférant l’ascendant sur les directions locales, à Gaza, en Cisjordanie et dans les prisons israéliennes. En 1997, la tentative d’assassinat, par le Mossad, de Khaled Mechaal renforce encore son autorité : cet homme d’appareil survit au poison pulvérisé sur sa nuque en pleine rue, à Amman, devant le mall où il a son bureau. Après l’arrestation d’agents israéliens par la police, le premier ministre de l’Etat hébreu, Benyamin Nétanyahou, se voit contraint de fournir l’antidote et de présenter ses excuses au roi Hussein de Jordanie.

II. Un âge d’or à Damas
Deux ans plus tard, le monarque jordanien finit par chasser du royaume ces hôtes encombrants. Un temps dispersés, ils se retrouvent dès 2000 en Syrie. Hafez Al-Assad est mort et son fils Bachar, qui lui succède à l’âge 34 ans, les accueille à bras ouverts. S’ouvre alors un âge d’or. La dictature syrienne réprime sans pitié les Frères musulmans, matrice idéologique du Hamas, mais les leaders palestiniens ferment les yeux : c’est le prix de leur séjour. Des gardes du corps du mouvement se souviennent encore d’un sentiment d’impunité heureuse. Face à la police, ils ont tous les passe-droits, mais évitent d’en abuser.

Aux SUV clinquants du chef militaire du Hezbollah, Imad Moughnieh, ils préfèrent les vieilles Mercedes aux vitres teintées. « Les cadres du Hamas ne partageaient pas la soif de reconnaissance de leurs homologues du Hezbollah, qui adoptaient parfois des attitudes de nouveaux riches », rappelle Peter Harling. L’ancien directeur Moyen-Orient de l’International Crisis Group se souvient, amusé, d’avoir vu Oussama Hamdane, chef du département des relations internationales du Hamas, « peler lui-même une goyave pour un invité ».

Dans ses bureaux, situés à Machrou Doumar, Oussama Hamdane fréquente alors la classe moyenne du nord de Damas. Dans son salon de réception de Mazzeh, à l’ombre du palais présidentiel, il reçoit les visiteurs du raïs. Talal Naji, représentant en Syrie du Fatah, le parti d’Arafat, lui envoie des diplomates suisses ou norvégiens, qui se mêlent auprès de lui aux ambassadeurs cubain, vénézuélien ou chinois.

Pourtant, les réceptions d’Oussama Hamdane ne mènent pas loin. En 2006, Américains et Européens réaffirment fermement leur boycott du Hamas, coupable d’avoir remporté les législatives palestiniennes tout en refusant de renoncer à la violence et de reconnaître Israël. Les députés du mouvement plaident en vain leur cause à Londres et en Suisse. « J’ai alors écrit des lettres à des dizaines de chefs d’Etat occidentaux, pour les convaincre de ne pas faire échouer notre gouvernement, en pure perte », raconte Ahmad Youssef qui, à cette époque, était le conseiller d’Ismaïl Haniyeh. Ce dernier essuie lui-même une humiliation : lors d’une tournée régionale, les gardes-frontières égyptiens le laissent attendre des heures, dans la neige, à Rafah.

C’est finalement l’Iran qui répond aux appels du Hamas. La République islamique consolide au Proche-orient son « axe de la résistance », avec Damas comme épicentre. Ezzedine Khalil, cadre militaire du Hamas à l’étranger, y forge des liens avec le général Qassem Soleimani, patron des opérations clandestines iraniennes, et avec Imad Moughnieh. Ensemble, ils orchestrent la contrebande de pièces de missiles iraniens vers Gaza et la formation d’ingénieurs et de combattants palestiniens.

Israël contre-attaque. Ezzedine Khalil est tué, en 2004, dans l’explosion de sa voiture près de sa résidence, dans le sud de Damas. Son successeur, Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh, dit « le renard », échappe de justesse à une attaque, en 2009, au Soudan. Il est rattrapé l’année suivante, à Dubaï, par un commando israélien qui lui administre un poison dans sa chambre d’hôtel. Alerté de sa mort suspecte par un cadre du Hamas, le chef de la police locale explose : « Prenez-vous par le col, avec vos comptes en banque et vos armes et vos putains de faux passeports, et foutez le camp de mon pays ! », rapporte le journaliste israélien Ronen Bergman, dans son histoire des assassinats du Mossad, Lève-toi et tue le premier (Grasset, 2020).

« Notre sécurité personnelle n’a jamais été notre préoccupation première, résume, fataliste, Hossam Badran, membre du bureau politique du Hamas, joint par téléphone. Nous prenons les précautions nécessaires, mais, au bout du compte, nous sommes un mouvement de libération nationale, et nous affrontons une occupation [l’Etat d’Israël] criminelle qui ne respecte pas le droit international. » En Cisjordanie, ce milicien a joué un rôle-clé lors de la seconde Intifada (2000-2005) et passé l’essentiel de sa vie en prison. Israël l’expulse en 2011.

Lorsqu’il arrive à Damas cette année-là, la capitale syrienne est en train de se transformer en guêpier, avec le soulèvement populaire syrien. Khaled Mechaal, devenu le chef du Hamas, sent que le vent tourne. Il offre à Bachar Al-Assad ses services de médiateur auprès de la Ligue arabe. « Contrairement aux Hezbollah, les dirigeants du Hamas à Damas ne fréquentaient pas uniquement le régime, et ils n’étaient pas animés par le profond mépris des Al-Assad envers les révoltés syriens. Ancrés dans la société sunnite syrienne et palestinienne, ils ont très vite compris l’ampleur de ce qu’il se passait », analyse Peter Harling.

Soucieux de préserver la pièce maîtresse de son « axe de la résistance », l’Iran exige des manifestations pro-Al-Assad dans les camps de réfugiés palestiniens en Syrie. Mais Khaled Mechaal refuse de céder : il demande aux militaires et collecteurs de fonds du Hamas de quitter Damas avec leurs familles, sans faire d’esclandre. La rupture est consommée en 2013, par une insulte qu’il adresse publiquement au régime d’Al-Assad, « ce Satan ». A Doha, au Qatar, flanqué de Youssef Al-Qaradawi, guide spirituel des Frères musulmans, il somme le Hezbollah libanais de retirer ses troupes de Syrie. Face à cette « trahison », le Parti de Dieu ordonne la fermeture de sept bureaux du Hamas dans la banlieue sud de Beyrouth et expulse du Liban son représentant, Ali Barakat.

III. La « milice » du président égyptien
Dégagés de Damas et de Beyrouth, les chefs du Hamas se dispersent alors pour de bon : Le Caire, Istanbul, Sanaa, Khartoum, Doha, Amman. Khaled Mechaal, lui, se sent porté par la vague des « printemps arabes ». Se plaçant sous l’aile des Frères musulmans, dont l’Occident a reconnu l’autorité légitime en Egypte et en Tunisie, il s’installe au Qatar, grand argentier des révolutions. Ses liens avec la famille royale sont anciens, mais l’émirat pose ses conditions : le chef du Hamas doit renouer avec Mahmoud Abbas, le président de l’Autorité palestinienne. En 2012, une rencontre à Doha aboutit à un vœu pieux de réconciliation, avec élections et intégration du Hamas à l’OLP. Mechaal vole en solitaire, évoquant une « résistance pacifique » pour séduire l’Occident, au grand dam des chefs militaires de Gaza.

L’émir du Qatar, Cheikh Hamad Ben Khalifa Al Thani, visite l’enclave palestinienne en octobre 2012, peu après Khaled Mechaal qui n’y avait encore jamais mis les pieds. Il y finance la rénovation de la route Salah Al-Din, un hôpital et des tours en bord de mer. D’anciens prisonniers du Hamas, libérés en échange du soldat israélien Gilad Shalit, y obtiennent des appartements. D’autres, originaires de Cisjordanie et expulsés par Israël, prennent leur retraite à Doha, dans le complexe Al-Heisa, où les autorités qataries veillent encore sur eux aujourd’hui.

Moussa Abou Marzouk prend résidence au Caire, où il courtise ce parrain égyptien de plus en plus intrusif. Mais, dans le bras de fer qui se joue entre le nouveau président, Mohamed Morsi, issu des Frères musulmans, et l’armée, le Hamas est pris en étau. En 2013, les forces égyptiennes confisquent des millions de dollars aux dignitaires du Hamas qui franchissent la frontière à Rafah, tandis que le président tente d’imposer la reconduction du « réformateur » Khaled Mechaal à la tête du bureau politique. Les dirigeants, à Gaza, alertent en vain : le mouvement est en train de se compromettre avec Mohamed Morsi.

Déjà, la presse égyptienne dépeint le Hamas comme la « milice étrangère du président », accusée d’avoir tué des manifestants place Tahrir et d’alimenter une insurrection liée à Al-Qaida, dans le Sinaï. La mort de soldats à la frontière embrase le nationalisme. « L’armée a dressé la nation contre les Frères », résume l’analyste américain Hussein Ibish, expert à l’Arab Gulf States Institute à Washington. Survient le coup d’Etat militaire. Fin 2014, le maréchal Al-Sissi au pouvoir détruit les tunnels de contrebande à la frontière, scellant le blocus de Gaza. Abou Marzouk fait ses valises et s’envole pour le Qatar. Désormais, c’est l’Iran qui a la main sur le Hamas, en finançant exclusivement la branche militaire.

Lire aussi l’archive de 2013 | Article réservé à nos abonnés Le Hamas plus isolé que jamais sur la scène internationale

IV. Sous la protection encombrante de l’Iran
Le mouvement islamiste palestinien s’est toujours montré méfiant envers ce protecteur chiite, non arabe et si exigeant. « Après la victoire du Hamas aux élections de 2006, et le boycott des bailleurs européens, les Iraniens avaient proposé de financer un nouvel hôpital à Gaza, à condition qu’il porte le nom du Guide suprême : Ali Khamenei. Le Hamas a refusé, rappelle Azmi Kishawi, analyste gazaoui de l’International Crisis Group, qui vit aujourd’hui à Doha. Il a tenu à souligner que l’aide iranienne devait rester inconditionnelle. Il s’est aussi opposé à la construction d’un hosseiniyeh [centre religieux chiite]. Depuis, l’Iran n’a plus rien donné à la direction politique : tous ses fonds sont directement versés à son aile militaire. »

C’est dans l’intérêt des unités combattantes que Khaled Mechaal s’était rendu à Téhéran, dès 2009, pour sceller la formation d’un « front uni » censé défendre l’Iran, en cas d’attaque israélienne. Le Palestinien reste sur ses gardes, mais les alternatives manquent. Le Hamas avait proposé « à un riche émirat du Golfe de devenir son principal “patron”, en échange d’un soutien économique à hauteur de 150 millions de dollars par an. Mais cette proposition est restée lettre morte », selon des confidences faites par Abou Marzouk à Leila Seurat.

Le Hamas s’appuie depuis longtemps sur des cadres formés en prison et libérés lors d’échanges successifs avec Israël. La nouvelle génération comprend Yahya Sinouar, relâché en 2011 dans le cadre des négociations pour la libération de Gilad Shalit ; Sinouar prend la direction du mouvement à Gaza, en 2017. Son ancien compagnon de cellule, Saleh Al-Arouri, libéré et expulsé un an plus tôt, supervise les activités armées en Cisjordanie. Cofondateur de la branche armée dans les années 1990, il conjugue habilement fonctions militaires et politiques. Exilé à Istanbul, il conduit une délégation du Hamas à Téhéran, auprès du Guide suprême, et renoue, à Beyrouth, avec le chef du Hezbollah.

Ces contacts marquent la reprise des relations entre le Hamas, l’Iran et la milice chiite libanaise, après le refroidissement lié au soulèvement syrien. « Les militaires à Gaza critiquaient Mechaal et la direction politique [à l’étranger], qui avaient quitté la Syrie et abîmé la relation avec l’Iran », se souvient le journaliste palestinien Mohammed Daraghmeh, bien introduit dans le mouvement. Mais, en renouant ces liens, Saleh Al-Arouri finit par être désigné par Israël comme l’« architecte de l’unité des fronts » au sein du Hamas, en mai 2021.

Ce printemps-là, alors que l’AP annule les élections législatives et que des émeutes inédites opposent Juifs et Arabes dans les villes « mixtes » d’Israël, Saleh Al-Arouri appelle à l’insurrection générale. C’est un tournant capital. « A Gaza, Yahya Sinouar renonce alors à négocier une trêve durable avec Israël », analyse un ancien du renseignement militaire israélien. Pour Nikolaï Mladenov, ex-coordinateur spécial des Nations unies pour le processus de paix, « la direction du Hamas a estimé [à cette époque] que seule la pression militaire produisait des résultats concrets, privilégiant la voie armée menant au 7 octobre [2023] ».

V. L’atout maître de la Turquie
Avant l’assaut du 7-Octobre, des cadres comme Bassem Naïm et Ghazi Hamad étaient les porte-voix de la ligne pragmatique du Hamas auprès des visiteurs étrangers de passage à Gaza. Ces cadres ont fui précipitamment vers Doha, où ils portent désormais le discours de guerre du mouvement. Ils campent dans le quartier gouvernemental, où se dresse le siège de la chaîne de télévision Al-Jazira, dont les correspondants à Gaza sont décimés par les frappes israéliennes. Khalil Al-Hayya, chef des négociateurs, ne sort plus sans ses gardes qataris. Les Palestiniens de Doha le croisent lors de funérailles. Khaled Mechaal passe l’hiver en ville – il fait du sport avec un coach personnel onéreux, à la clientèle principalement qatarie – et la saison chaude à Istanbul, même si les autorités turques se font moins accueillantes. La diffusion, par le Hamas, d’une vidéo montrant l’ex-premier ministre Ismaïl Haniyeh en prière et remerciant Dieu pour l’attaque du 7-Octobre a provoqué l’ire d’Ankara : le renseignement turc lui aurait demandé le jour même de quitter le pays.

Les exilés sont radioactifs. A Doha, leur bureau est menacé de fermeture. « Plus un membre du Congrès américain ne met le pied en ville sans évoquer leur expulsion », relève Tarik Yousef, analyste au centre de réflexion qatari Middle East Council on Global Affairs. Les frappes israéliennes qui les ont ciblés de Beyrouth à Téhéran, et jusqu’à Doha, ont soulevé un vent de panique dans le Golfe. « Les autorités qataries leur avaient demandé deux fois de partir [avant les frappes du 9 septembre]. Ce jour-là, la plupart étaient d’ailleurs en Turquie : c’est désormais leur principale résidence », affirme une source régionale. Mais le président turc, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, n’est pas plus rassuré : « Erdogan n’en veut plus à plein temps chez lui, il sait qu’Israël tentera un jour de les assassiner. »

Le 25 septembre, lors de leur rencontre à la Maison Blanche, il exprime à Donald Trump son intention de ne plus héberger le Hamas en Turquie, selon une source bien informée. Mais l’Américain ne l’entend pas de cette oreille. « Trump cherchait quelqu’un capable de vendre son plan de paix au Hamas, raconte l’analyste Gönül Tol, bien introduite au sein du pouvoir turc. Or, il avait entendu Erdogan qualifier le [mouvement] de “combattants de la liberté” sur Fox News, et en avait conclu qu’ils étaient proches. »

Le Hamas devient un atout dans la main d’Erdogan, qui y voit l’occasion de renforcer son influence régionale. Il dépêche ses maîtres espions auprès des cadres de l’organisation pour leur faire accepter le plan de Trump. Le 10 octobre, premier jour du cessez-le-feu, Khalil Al-Hayya déclare : « [La Turquie] m’a assuré que la guerre était terminée. » Dans l’après-midi, une source proche du dossier évoque déjà un déploiement de soldats turcs à Gaza. Les chefs du Hamas « leur font confiance », mais Israël s’y oppose fermement. « L’occupation [Israël] n’a aucun droit de s’opposer à la participation d’un pays aux forces internationales », insiste aujourd’hui Hossam Badran. L’envoyé spécial de la Maison Blanche, Steve Witkoff, doit bientôt rencontrer Khalil Al-Hayya à Istanbul. En attendant, les chefs du Hamas sont priés de circuler aussi au Qatar et en Egypte, afin de ne pas attirer les foudres d’Israël sur leur pays d’accueil.

Depuis 2015, une douzaine de cadres disposent d’un passeport turc. Ils résident sur la rive européenne du Bosphore, dans la ville industrieuse de Basaksehir, et dans le quartier conservateur de Fatih, à Istanbul. Au début de l’automne, deux d’entre eux sont même autorisés à s’exprimer en public. Lors d’un rassemblement du parti islamiste kurde Hüda Par, ils n’hésitent pas à haranguer la foule : « Gaza est l’étincelle » d’un soulèvement mondial et son « sacrifice en vaut la peine ». Le renseignement turc a noyauté ces réseaux islamistes. Il a aussi annoncé avoir démantelé plusieurs cellules à la solde d’Israël, qui menaçaient le Hamas sur son territoire. A Istanbul, leurs gardes du corps palestiniens portent une arme (à Doha, seuls leurs gardiens qataris y sont autorisés). A Fatih, ils fréquentent des Frères musulmans égyptiens en exil. Mais l’amitié s’aigrit : en novembre, le Hamas accuse des organismes de charité, liés à la confrérie et implantés à Istanbul, d’avoir détourné près de 500 millions de dollars de dons pour Gaza.

Sauver l’argent, tel est le casse-tête des exilés. Zaher Jabarin, financier du Hamas à Istanbul depuis plus de dix ans, s’échine à préserver leurs économies, traquées par le Trésor américain. Dès octobre 2023, celui-ci a sanctionné le fonds d’investissement Trend GYO, le coffre-fort du mouvement, coté en Bourse en Turquie. Le cours de l’action a doublé, grâce à l’afflux d’investisseurs locaux indignés par ces sanctions. Trend GYO détient des bureaux de change en Turquie, de l’immobilier au Soudan, en Arabie saoudite et aux Emirats arabes unis, ainsi qu’une ferme de poulets en Algérie…

La direction du Hamas est accaparée par sa propre survie. Décimée par les frappes israéliennes, elle est devenue collégiale. Mais les dirigeants en exil conservent-ils encore une influence sur le mouvement ? Khalil Al-Hayya n’a pas la stature des chefs assassinés. « C’est un intermédiaire qui fait passer les messages, mais ce sont les militaires à Gaza qui décident de tout », déplore une source proche des négociations. « La plupart ont l’âge de la retraite, et la base n’a plus confiance en eux. Ils sont jugés responsables de ce qui est arrivé à Gaza, affirme Ahmad Youssef, l’ancien conseiller de M. Haniyeh, joint à Gaza. Comment ont-ils pu laisser quelques militants autour de Sinouar décider du destin des Gazaouis ? Les gens les blâment en silence. » Sur la plage d’Al-Mawassi, parmi des milliers de déplacés, cet intellectuel islamiste échange encore par téléphone avec les chefs en exil. « La majorité du bureau politique pense comme nous, croit-il, mais ils ne veulent pas affaiblir davantage le mouvement en exposant ses divisions. »

Certains ont peut-être poussé un soupir de soulagement cet automne, lorsque Israël a refusé de libérer le plus puissant militaire du Hamas en échange des otages. Hassan Salameh, qui avait dirigé avec l’« ingénieur » Yéhia Ayache les attentats-suicides dans les années 1990, reste en cellule d’isolement, coupé du monde. Selon diverses sources palestiniennes, Sinouar a longtemps ressenti de la honte d’avoir été libéré, en 2011, tandis que ce grand aîné restait captif. « De toute façon, Mechaal ou Abou Marzouk [les deux anciens chefs du Hamas encore vivants] ne veulent pas céder la direction à des hommes qui ont passé trente ans en prison, déconnectés du monde extérieur », explique l’analyste gazaoui Muhammad Shehada, du Conseil européen des affaires étrangères.

En février, cependant, un prisonnier majeur est sorti des geôles israéliennes : Abdel Nasser Issa, qui s’installe à Istanbul. De nature conciliatrice, il s’était lié en prison avec les chefs du Fatah, la grande faction rivale. Il a étudié et publié. « Il sera élu immédiatement au bureau politique lors des prochaines élections du Hamas », prédit l’ancien ministre Qaddoura Fares. Contacté par Le Monde, Abdel Nasser Issa n’a pas donné suite.

A Gaza, d’autres cadres demeurent, qui refusent l’exil offert par Israël. Taoufiq Abou Naïm, ex-chef de la sécurité intérieure, s’est volatilisé au début de la guerre. D’autres émergent, comme le nouveau chef militaire Izz Al-din Al-Haddad, ou Imad Aqel, qui a mené la répression des « collaborateurs » d’Israël après le cessez-le-feu. Mais ces noms, au fond, importent peu. Tous sont remplaçables. Du haut de ses quatre décennies d’exil et de clandestinité, le vieux leader Moussa Abou Marzouk l’a expliqué, en octobre, au site américain Drop Site : « Le Hamas n’est plus [seulement] une organisation (…). Le Hamas est une idée. »

Fortune : Nvidia CEO says data centers take about 3 years to construct in the U.

Nvidia CEO says data centers take about 3 years to construct in the U.S., while in China ‘they can build a hospital in a weekend’

Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang said China has an AI infrastructure advantage over the U.S., namely in construction and energy.

While the U.S. retains an edge on AI chips, he warned China can build large projects at staggering speeds.

“If you want to build a data center here in the United States from breaking ground to standing up a AI supercomputer is probably about three years,” Huang told Center for Strategic and International Studies President John Hamre in late November. “They can build a hospital in a weekend.”

The speed at which China can build infrastructure is just one of his concerns. He also worries about the countries’ comparative energy capacity to support the AI boom.

China has “twice as much energy as we have as a nation, and our economy is larger than theirs. Makes no sense to me,” Huang said.

He added that China’s energy capacity continues to grow “straight up”, while the U.S.’s remains relatively flat.

Still, Huang maintained that Nvidia is “generations ahead” of China on AI chip technology to support the demand for the tech and semiconductor manufacturing process.

But he warned against complacency on this front, adding that “anybody who thinks China can’t manufacture is missing a big idea.”

Yet Huang is hopeful about Nvidia’s future, noting President Donald Trump’s push to reshore manufacturing jobs and spur AI investments.

‘Insatiable AI demand’
Early last month, Huang made headlines by predicting China would win the AI race—a message he amended soon thereafter, saying the country was “nanoseconds behind America” in the race in a statement shared to his company’s X account.

Nvidia is just one of the big tech companies pouring billions of dollars into a data center buildout in the U.S., which experts tell Fortune could amount to over $100 billion in the next year alone.

Raul Martynek, the CEO of DataBank, a company that contracts with tech giants to construct data centers, said the average cost of a data center is $10 million to $15 million per megawatt (MW), and a typical data centers on the smaller side requires 40 MW.

“In the U.S., we think there will be 5 to 7 gigawatts brought online in the coming year to support this seemingly insatiable AI demand,” Martynek said.

This shakes out to $50 billion on the low end, and $105 billion on the high end.

WWD : BasicNet to Acquire Beachwear Specialist Sundek

BasicNet to Acquire Beachwear Specialist Sundek
The move closely follows the publicly traded, Turin-based company’s deal to acquire Woolrich, further boosting its portfolio.

MILAN – BasicNet Group is on a shopping spree.

After inking a deal to acquire Woolrich from L-Gam last month, the publicly traded, Turin-based company said on Thursday it is to add beachwear specialist Sundek to its portfolio. This already comprises brands like Kappa, Robe di Kappa, K-Way, Superga, Sebago and Briko.

The group has reached an agreement to acquire the beachwear brand by taking full control of parent company Kickoff SpA. from Winnie Srl. This marks a strategic addition for BasicNet, which is moving into a new segment with the deal.

“We welcome another historic American brand, with 70 years of heritage, deeply rooted in the culture and landscape of the Italian market and beyond. It is a brand we have always appreciated, one we have personally used, and one — like others in our group — easy to spot from afar,” said co-chief executive officers of BasicNet Lorenzo Boglione and Alessandro Boglione in a statement.

Kickoff Group generated 27.6 million euros in revenues in the 2024 financial year and an EBITDA of 6.8 million euros. It operates 27 stores in Italy — eight of which are outlets — as well as seven monobrand units across Spain, France and the U.S.

The enterprise value of the firm — which also includes the companies Kickoff USA Inc., Kickoff SL and Kickoff France Sas — has been set at 33.5 million euros. Net of the financial position — which includes bank debt, tax payables, and debt owed to shareholders — the initial consideration for the transaction amounts to about 10 million euros, subject to the standard adjustments based on the final calculation of the net financial position at the closing of the deal, which is expected by the end of the month.

The initial consideration will be paid through the transfer of about 1.4 million BasicNet shares at a value of 7.22 euros each. The transfer of shares will be subject to a 36-month lock-up period starting from the closing date.

In addition, the seller may receive one or two earnouts based on the achievement of certain revenue thresholds from after 2025 to the end of 2030.

Founded in San Francisco in 1958 by Stuart Levin, Sundek is known for being among the first brands to create surfwear, becoming one of the key players in the rise of Californian surf culture and embodying the values of freedom and community resonating with that lifestyle.

In the ‘60s, the brand expanded from the California coast to Hawaii and then the East Coast, but the following decade marked a pivotal moment for the brand. In 1972, it introduced its iconic Rainbow Boardshorts design, cut from fast-drying nylon, seamless and marked by the signature rainbow stripes on the back.

Tiziano Sgarbi, CEO of Kickoff, said the handover to BasicNet “represents a new milestone toward a bright future for Sundek, which can only prosper thanks to BasicNet’s expertise and experience in managing brands with strong heritage.”

“It represents a concrete opportunity to enhance and further strengthen the identity of the brand, enriching it with strong technical know‐how and new opportunities for growth and positioning,” said Sgarbi.

BasicNet was founded by Lorenzo and Alessandro Boglione’s father Marco Boglione, who created the group in 1994 as a marketplace and publicly listed it on the Milan Stock Exchange in 1999.

Stemming from the storied traditional clothing company Maglificio Calzificio Torinese, which was founded in 1916, BasicNet doesn’t produce or distribute the collections of its brands. Billing itself as a “fully web-integrated company” through a digitally advanced platform, it acts as a marketplace where manufacturers and distributors meet to do business.

In particular, BasicNet designs and develops its labels’ collections, signs licensing agreements with international producers and distributors, which receive from BasicNet all they need to manufacture and sell the products, from research and development to global marketing.

BasicNet logged consolidated 2024 revenues of 409.2 million euros, up 3.1 percent from 396.8 million euros in 2023.

TheInformation : ‘Diamonds and Turds’: How Hock Tan Turned Broadcom Into Nvidia’

‘Diamonds and Turds’: How Hock Tan Turned Broadcom Into Nvidia’s Nightmare
The chipmaker has gone from a sleepy business to a trillion-dollar company through megadeals and deeply unsentimental management.

Early last year, Broadcom CEO Hock Tan decided to host what he likes to call a “coffee chat” with the employees of VMware, the software giant that the Broadcom CEO had recently purchased for $84 billion. The companywide meeting was Tan’s effort to introduce himself and answer questions from those employees about life at the semiconductor firm.

At that time, VMware’s Palo Alto, Calif., campus sprawled over 18 buildings and 100 acres of delicately pruned gardens, an outdoor amphitheater and a turtle pond. Employees enjoyed nice HR perks, too, including child care, marital counseling and an annual $1,000 “wellbeing” allowance for anything from dumbbells to Xboxes.

When Tan opened the discussion up to questions, a VMware employee asked if Broadcom provided such benefits. Tan seemed surprised. “Why would I do any of that? I’m not your dad,” he replied, according to three people in attendance.

Over the next few months, Tan fired about half of VMware’s 38,000 employees. He also stripped down the campus, selling all but five of the buildings. At the remaining offices, Tan had the espresso machines removed. Somewhat against the odds, the turtles were allowed to stay.

Tan has gotten quite far on his no-frills, no-nonsense attitude, which has helped Broadcom’s stock rise nearly sevenfold in the last three years and has made him into a much-admired figure among other tech executives. He’s done what so many founders and CEOs wish they could: totally ignore the industry’s fondness for capitalistic paternalism—and remain strictly focused on keeping Broadcom’s profits fat, its prices high and its costs minimal. That is the picture of Tan painted by more than two dozen people who know Tan well and understand what he’s built at Broadcom, a collection of friends, business partners and current and former Broadcom executives. Tan did not comment for this story.

Silver Lake Chair Ken Hao, a Broadcom director who has known Tan for two decades, thinks Tan’s remarkable run lies in a “focus on first principles that don’t come from conventional wisdom,” he said. “Or copying other people.”

Lately, the company’s place within the unfolding AI age has broadly lifted both Tan and Broadcom. One of its main businesses is making custom computer chips, known as application-specific integrated circuits, or ASICs, that are built to perform a single task more efficiently and cheaply than chips made by Nvidia. That makes Broadcom one of the only credible challengers to Nvidia’s dominance in the chip market. Google is Broadcom’s best-known and oldest customer, and Broadcom has scored a number of new megadeals in the past three years, including ones with OpenAI and Meta Platforms. (Tan was appointed to Meta’s board of directors last February.)

And now Microsoft is also in talks to design future chips with Broadcom, which would involve Microsoft switching its business from Marvell, another maker of custom chips, according to one person involved in the discussions.

About 60% of Broadcom’s revenue comes from making these chips, along with the switches and subsystems needed for them to work. The other portion of its sales come from infrastructure software. Tan, an inveterate M&A junkie, has steadily increased that part of the company through acquisitions over the past eight years, buying up VMWare, cybersecurity company Symantec, and Computer Associates, a maker of IT software, among others.

Together, Broadcom did over $50 billion in sales last year, up more than 50% in two years. It’s on track to top $60 billion this year, with the hard-nosed, unsentimental Tan guiding it to become one of just 11 trillion-dollar companies in the world.


Broadcom may be on a rarified perch, but plenty of factors could knock it down from there. AI spending has reached extraordinary levels, but each week lately has brought fresh concerns that the party simply can’t continue. Any broad downturn would hurt Broadcom’s chip business.

Meanwhile, Broadcom has a growing number of fierce rivals for custom chips—most prominently Marvell—and as AI demand increases the hunger for chips, some of its customers are keen to explore any possible opportunity to bypass Broadcom in search of cheaper alternatives.

For instance, Marvell recently tried to win more business from Meta Platforms by waiving part of an up-front engineering fee Marvell generally charges for designing chips, according to two people involved in the talks. Meta, which hopes to use the chip to power its AI products after their release, plans to launch this chip in 2027, according to three people involved in its development.

Tan personally has a lot riding on his ability to keep monetizing the AI boom. The Broadcom CEO is already wealthy from the increased value of his nearly $500 million stake in Broadcom and around $200 million in pre-tax income from selling shares over the past 18 months, but he could earn substantially more under a new compensation structure. In September, Broadcom’s board approved awarding him 1.8 million shares—a stake currently worth around $700 million—if he boosts AI revenue to $120 billion by the end of 2030.

That’s a lofty goal, and generally, Wall Street observers think he can meet it. So does his friend Philippe Laffont, the billionaire co-founder and principal of Coatue Management. “I would be shocked if Hock agreed to put something in writing that he didn’t think he had a 99.9% chance of beating—just knowing Hock,” said Laffont. “Hock never loses.”

Michael Hurlston, a former Broadcom senior vice president and longtime industry executive, knows exactly what people say about Tan behind his back.

“People think of him as some sort of ogre,” said Hurlston, who currently runs publicly traded Lumentum Holdings, a photonics and laser technology firm. “But that’s not true.” And then he added, “I think his empathy level is—I wouldn’t say it isn’t there, but he’s just connected to the business more than the people.”

In the last 15 years, Tan has purchased at least 11 companies, and in each case he has applied the same disciplined mentality to integrating the businesses into their new parent company. Laffont summed it up simply: “He’s the absolute best person at identifying interesting M&A targets, buying them and running a private equity–like playbook.”

Tan himself describes his approach somewhat differently. After he buys a company, he puts himself on a mission to identify which parts of it qualify as “diamonds” and which are “turds” (his words). As Tan jettisons all but the most profitable product lines and divisions, he tries to keep the diamonds and toss away the turds.

After acquiring VMware, for instance, Tan cut its portfolio from 8,000 different types of products to just four, choosing the ones he felt were most useful to its data center clients, according to a former Broadcom employee involved in VMware’s monetization strategy. He spun off a VMWare division focused on workplace virtualization tools, and after attempting to sell the company’s Carbon Black cybersecurity unit, he merged it into Symantec—but only after laying off roughly 80% of its employees, according to one former Carbon Black staffer.

Broadcom is known for conducting regular layoffs and reductions in force. At quarterly companywide meetings, Tan always includes a PowerPoint slide that lists each department by revenue growth—with a red horizontal line drawn across the chart that shows the third of the company with the weakest increases, three former employees recalled. Internally, Tan calls this “the line of doom”—any department below the line for multiple quarters is considered to be underperforming, sparking concerns among those employees that they may be next on the chopping block.

Despite the uncertainty that comes with being a Broadcom employee, people don’t seem to want to leave. The company reports a low voluntary attrition rate of 2.9%, slightly above Nvidia’s 2.7%. Multiple former employees cited the company’s high salaries, which includes large chunks of valuable RSUs.

The company rarely hires interns or recent graduates, preferring to hire a single seasoned engineer who could do the work of several junior staffers, the employees said. And unlike many tech companies with hundreds of vice presidents and senior vice presidents, Broadcom has fewer than 30, according to a September investor presentation. With so little hierarchy, “there’s nowhere to hide from Hock at Broadcom,” said Steven Dickens, a tech industry analyst who covers the company.

Even for the rare few who are in positions of power, “your degrees of freedom are very, very tight,” said Hurlston, who headed Broadcom’s wireless semiconductor business until 2017. According to him, Tan sets strict standards for profitability and headcount that leave little room for “big swings” inside the company. Another former Broadcom employee noted that exact timelines and revenue estimates are required for all products built within the company.

Tan doesn’t like to waste money backing moon-shot projects and instead invests heavily in a narrow selection of products that he thinks “are valuable and that people will pay for,” said Patrick Moorhead, head of tech analysis and advisory firm Moor Insights & Strategy. And Tan doesn’t count himself as a technology zealot or philosopher. In early September, the Broadcom CEO was asked a question at Goldman Sachs’ annual Communacopia + Technology Conference in San Francisco about where he saw AI going, the technology’s societal utility and whether it will live up to all the investments it has attracted. He recoiled at the question and sought to distance himself from Silicon Valley’s enthusiasm.

“I’m not a cheerleader. Or I try not to be,” he said. “It’s hard not to be here.”

Instead, the CEO has said his main skill lies in an ability to monetize technology—no matter what it is. That’s what Tan finds himself constantly obsessing over. “People have said his wife—his hobby—is this company,” said Hurlston. (For the record, Tan does have an actual human spouse—his second wife, Lya Truong.) One former Broadcom executive recalled Tan as so single-minded that he wouldn’t engage in small talk or discuss personal matters even on long car rides or plane trips. “It was silly to start a [personal] conversation because you knew it was about business.” According to this former executive, he and other higher-ups would sometimes escape Tan’s endless work talk on such outings by pretending to be asleep.

What Tan rarely wants to talk about is himself. Little is known about his family and his experience growing up in Penang, an island off the coast of Malaysia. When former Cisco CEO John Chambers asked him about immigrating to the U.S. in a friendly 2023 podcast interview, he offered a little glimpse, saying his family was “not well off,” but shared no further details.

His early years unfolded against the backdrop of the Malayan Emergency, a violent guerilla war between British colonial forces and pro-independence communist insurgents that began a few years before he was born. The conflict ended in 1960, three years after the Federation of Malaya declared independence, which later led to the creation of Malaysia.

As a teenager, Tan thought he’d become a doctor, but a high SAT score redirected his path, earning him a scholarship to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He arrived in the U.S. in 1971 and graduated four years later with a bachelor’s and a master’s in mechanical engineering.

He stayed in Boston to get an MBA from Harvard University, which is when he met his first wife, Lisa Yang. Yang became an investment banker, and he followed her to New York, where he had finance jobs at General Motors and PepsiCo. In the 1980s, he returned to Asia for nearly a decade, working at a Malaysian building materials conglomerate and a Singapore-based investment firm.

When he came back to the U.S., he spent two years as a vice president of finance at Commodore International shortly before the PC manufacturer’s bankruptcy. He then rose through the ranks to become CEO at Integrated Circuit Systems, a designer of timing chips that keep electronic devices in sync. He led a dramatic restructuring of the company, and then sold it to Integrated Device Technology for $1.7 billion in 2005.


The deal caught the attention of Silver Lake and KKR, which had together just bought Avago, a chip company spun off from Hewlett Packard. In 2006, they hired Tan to lead Avago and tasked him with reducing its bloat.

One former exec recalled an early Avago offsite where Tan loaded his top lieutenants into a bus and took them to a local airport hotel. “Most of the time people do offsites, they send them somewhere lavish or luxurious,” this person said. “I don’t think we even had food or water.”

After cutting costs at Avago and a handful of acquisitions, Tan pulled off his biggest feat in 2016: buying the much better-established Broadcom for $37 billion. The next year, he made an even bolder move when he initiated a $120 billion hostile bid for Qualcomm. The takeover attempt ended when the first Trump administration blocked the deal, citing national security concerns over U.S.-based Qualcomm falling into the hands of Broadcom, then domiciled in Singapore, where it received tax incentives. (Broadcom domiciled itself to the U.S. a month later.)

When the Qualcomm deal fizzled, Tan decided to hunt around for growth away from semiconductor acquisitions, said Hao, the Broadcom board member and Silver Lake partner. The solution: Tan started buying up software companies. And from 2019 to 2022, Broadcom shares went up 150%, far outpacing the Nasdaq’s roughly 55% gain.

Then ChatGPT launched. And almost overnight, Broadcom’s chips business, once dismissed as dull and slow growing, received a shot of fresh life.

Broadcom specializes in a very particular part of chip design. Generally, customers like Google, which began working with Broadcom in 2016, bring Broadcom the blueprint for a chip, and it handles the physical design and manufacturing, working with companies like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. The extent of Broadcom’s involvement varies depending on the partnership. Google, for example, handles more of the high-level technical design because of its expertise in this area; in partnerships with other companies, Broadcom will help with this part of the process as well.

While companies could work directly with chip foundries like TSMC and handle the entire chip design themselves, doing so could be risky. Broadcom has spent three decades designing chips and has a top-notch reputation for the quality of its custom products. As such, it can charge high prices for them, and in the past, Google and Broadcom have feuded over price hikes.

In addition, Broadcom sometimes pressures customers to purchase products in a bundle: Customers buying AI chip design work and intellectual property often must also take Broadcom’s switches and other hardware products, said two AI chip developers who interact with the company.

Cost is increasingly a concern for AI companies as they scale up their chip production. Tan’s aggressive negotiating tactics previously drove Amazon running to rival Marvell. Meanwhile, Google has added Taiwan-based MediaTek as a second chip design partner, reducing its historical reliance on Broadcom.


Despite these challenges, Broadcom seems well positioned to benefit from the momentum in custom chips. In October, for example, Anthropic said it planned to use 1 million tensor processing units, the chips Broadcom has co-designed with Google. And Meta is currently in talks with Google about committing billions of dollars to using TPUs in its data centers in 2027. Any demand for TPUs is a good sign for Broadcom.

Tan predicted last December that AI could drive new revenue for Broadcom ranging from $60 billion to $90 billion in 2027. Meanwhile, its chip partnership with OpenAI, announced in October, could generate up to $300 billion in revenue in the coming years, according to an estimate from JPMorgan Chase.

Though AI is Broadcom’s main focus moving forward, Tan has highlighted the importance of its software business as a stable counterweight to the fast-growing but lower-margin chips business.

Yet even as Broadcom approaches a $2 trillion market cap, Tan hasn’t lost any of his thriftiness. There is no companywide holiday party, and business travel is tightly restricted outside the senior leaders of the ASICs products division, according to one former employee. Those who do travel fly economy and stay in no-frills hotels, including Tan himself, this person said.

At Broadcom’s new Palo Alto headquarters, there are no free sodas, and even stationery is in short supply. “You have to buy your own rubber bands or Sharpies,” said a former Broadcom employee. “And you better remember to take them with you back to your desk or someone will steal them.”

While questions remain about the durability of the interest in AI and Broadcom’s chips, Tan, 74, may soon face another question about longevity: Who might succeed him?

In September, Tan said during Broadcom’s quarterly earnings call that he plans to stay on as CEO until 2030 “at least.” One former Broadcom predicted Tan will keep working right until his death as a very old man. “He’s going to be the Charlie Munger of tech,” said the former executive.


Nonetheless, there are indications that Broadcom is beginning to think about a post-Tan future. Charlie Kawwas, president of Broadcom’s semiconductor solutions group, has started appearing more frequently at Wall Street–facing events and on earnings calls. Kawwas, who has an electrical and computer engineering doctorate, joined Avago, the company that bought Broadcom, through its acquisition of semiconductor company LSI Corp., in 2014. He served as Broadcom’s chief sales officer and chief operating officer before he was promoted to president in 2022.

Kawwas sat on Tan’s right in a podcast conversation with OpenAI’s CEO Sam Altman and President Greg Brockman, published to OpenAI’s YouTube channel in October. In it, Kawwas highlighted that he talks with his counterpart at OpenAI at least once a week. Brockman gushed, “I feel like whenever I call Charlie, he’s in a different part of the world trying to secure capacity, trying to find a way to help us build what we’re trying to do together.”

Still, if Broadcom investor Laffont’s perspective is indication, there are plenty who aren’t quite ready to let go of Broadcom’s longtime leader. Said Laffont: “Every day, I think, I pray that he takes his vitamins and he eats well.”

The Information : Can Weight-Loss Drugs Be Fair in Sports? Serena Williams Just

Can Weight-Loss Drugs Be Fair in Sports? Serena Williams Just Raised the Stakes
With her reentry into the pool for anti-doping testing, Williams becomes the most prominent athlete linked to GLP-1 drugs—as regulators weigh whether they belong in elite competition.

The Takeaway
  • Serena Williams’ anti-doping reentry could raise scrutiny of GLP-1 use by athletes.
  • The World Anti-Doping Agency monitors GLP-1 drugs for performance impact.
  • Inclusion on the agency’s monitoring list doesn’t guarantee a ban.

An earthquake shook the sporting universe this week: Serena Williams, the 23-time Grand Slam tennis champion, has taken the first step toward a potential comeback by reentering the sport’s anti-doping test pool. After news reports surfaced on Tuesday of her registration with the International Tennis Integrity Agency, Williams tried to quell speculation about a potential return to play for the first time since 2022. “Omg yall I’m NOT coming back,” she posted on X.

Whether or not she ever plays another professional point, Williams is now the highest-profile athlete known to be taking a GLP-1 drug who has submitted herself to the testing pool. Her participation comes at a time when the sports world is actively evaluating whether drugs like Ozempic, Wegovy and Mounjaro should be allowed in elite competition.


The World Anti-Doping Agency oversees global anti-doping standards for scores of national and sport agencies, including the ITIA. Since 2024, WADA has included the GLP-1 semaglutide (a generic name for Ozempic and Wegovy) on its list of monitored substances, and it will add tirzepatide (generic for Mounjaro and Zepbound) beginning in 2026. The monitoring list is a kind of purgatory for substances that WADA may or may not choose to ban from elite sports in the future, but that require close study to understand whether and how they impact performance.

Though a drug’s presence on the monitoring list doesn’t guarantee an eventual ban, if WADA chooses to do so, it will provide athletes with ample notice. WADA reviews and updates its list of prohibited substances each autumn before the new list takes effect January 1, giving athletes time to either stop taking a particular drug or obtain a therapeutic use exemption. (Famously, Maria Sharapova’s positive test for meldonium at the 2016 Australian Open came after she admitted she had not read WADA’s prohibited list for that year, which banned meldonium for the first time.)

For WADA to designate a drug as a banned substance, it must satisfy two of the three following criteria: It has the potential to enhance performance, it risks the health of the athlete and/or it “violates the spirit of sport.”

WADA has studied some substances on the monitoring list, like nicotine and caffeine, for years without banning them. Other substances have been the subject of intense lobbying and politicking within the anti-doping world. Cycling, a sport with no shortage of its own doping controversies, has campaigned heavily to ban the painkiller tramadol from competition; it remains on WADA’s monitoring list.

Few classes of drugs have had as much immediate social impact as GLP-1s. As The Information reported earlier this year, a wide set of the general public—and especially the technorati—has adopted the substances, initially developed to treat diabetes, for weight loss and other bio-hacking purposes. It’s not surprising that athletes would use Ozempic or Mounjaro for similar reasons.

Williams has been incredibly vocal about her GLP-1 use. She’s the face of an advertising campaign for telehealth company Ro (her husband, Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian, is an investor in it). In that campaign, she claims she lost 31 pounds on GLP-1s in less than a year. When opening up to Vogue this summer about going on Zepbound, she said, “I don’t really care what people are saying about my body anymore. But what is important to me is transparency.” (Through a spokesperson, Williams and her agent did not respond to requests for comment.)

Williams last played professional tennis in 2022. Carefully avoiding the word “retirement,” she instead said she wanted to “evolve away” from the game she utterly transformed. Along with elder sister Venus Williams, Serena burst onto the women’s tour in the late 1990s as a bubbly teenager before eventually winning more Slams than any woman in the Open era. Many consider her the best to ever play the game, with nearly two dozen Slam trophies and four Olympic gold medals under her belt.

Williams is not the only celebrity athlete who is open about their use of GLP-1s; fellow tennis legend Billie Jean King and basketball star Charles Barkley have also discussed using injections to manage their weight. King and Barkley have long retired from sports.

Meanwhile, anti-doping authorities are studying whether weight manipulation tied to GLP-1 usage affects athletic performance.

For elite athletes, weight is a highly specific variable in the pursuit of athletic excellence. Boxers and weightlifters compete in stratified weight categories. Added muscle can help sprinters and basketball players perform better. Leaner frames can yield benefits for endurance runners or figure skaters.

So far WADA authorities have agreed there is not sufficient evidence to suggest GLP-1s are performance enhancing, Travis Tygert, CEO of USADA, told me in an email. In fact, he said, sport “performance diminished with muscle loss and other side effects.”

But the drug category still needs further study. Dr. Matthew Fedoruk, chief science officer of USADA, explained that there is a new class of drugs currently in clinical trials that, when taken with semaglutide, has achieved a kind of holy grail for athletes: weight loss with minimal diminishment of muscle mass. One such example is Enobosarm, also known as ostarine, which was developed to combat loss of muscle in patients undergoing treatment for cancer.

“It’s really important to keep a close eye on these new drugs as they could potentially be abused by athletes,” he said.

FT : Climate rift opens between Amazon and rivals in row over data centre power

Climate rift opens between Amazon and rivals in row over data centre power
US tech giant accused of pressuring top European clean energy group over changes to emissions rules

Amazon has been accused of pressuring a leading clean energy group by raising the prospect of withdrawing funding, amid a furious debate over plans that would make it harder for Big Tech “hyperscalers” to hit their climate targets.

The US tech giant met with Microsoft, Meta, Google and energy industry bodies during an advisory board meeting last month of clean energy buyer and seller group RE-Source, according to several attendees.

At the meeting, tech groups present clashed over a proposal by the world’s leading authority on carbon accounting, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, to tighten disclosure rules on power emissions.

The reform would likely make it harder for tech groups to suggest data centre growth can be powered by clean energy.

Google backed the change. But Amazon sustainability director Jake Oster opposed the move and questioned how his company could justify financing RE-Source without adopting a position on the matter, four attendees told the FT.

A representative for WindEurope, one of RE-Source’s co-founders, responded that Oster’s comments sounded like a commercial “threat”, according to two attendees.

A person close to Amazon said that Oster had not threatened to withdraw funding but had “explained that he would expect questions why Amazon is financially supporting an organisation that is not engaging on an issue that is core to its purpose.”

He had “insisted that RE-Source gauge the perspective of its members . . . and should not remain neutral on an issue of critical importance to corporate buyers of carbon-free energy.” 

RE-Source said that it was “only fair and normal” that its members comment on the accounting reform.

Amazon’s annual contribution to RE-Source, a major European advocacy and networking initiative that facilitates deal making between clean energy buyers and sellers, is estimated at around €100,000, according to people familiar with the matter. They added that a loss of funding would be a blow to the group’s operations.

The argument reveals the increasingly contentious debate over how Big Tech meets ambitious climate goals, while also spending billions of dollars in the race to build power-hungry AI infrastructure.

Amazon, Meta and Google power many of their data centres from fossil-fuel heavy grids, but say they “match” their energy use with 100 per cent renewable energy. Microsoft has said it aimed to do this by 2025.

Tech companies typically cancel out their annual emissions from coal, oil and gas by investing in deals for wind, solar and hydro power, often through the use of “renewable energy credits” that vary in price and quality.

For example, a data centre running through the night in Texas and powered by burning gas and coal can offset its greenhouse gas emissions thanks to certificates issued when solar energy is purchased during the day in California — even though the two states do not typically trade physical electricity.

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol has suggested that, in future, investments in power supply should roughly match the time and place of power consumption, ensuring reported data on greenhouse gas emissions from power are “accurate, comparable and decision-useful”.


The Emissions First Partnership, a lobby group founded by companies including Amazon and Meta, argues that so-called 24/7 matching should be optional, and has proposed an alternative technique based on working out emissions “avoided” by clean energy.

“It’s just nonsense to say that there’s an AI emissions crisis,” said Gavin McCormick, executive director of WattTime, a member of the lobby group, at an industry event last month. “What we’re seeing is that to solve a crisis that isn’t there, there’s increasingly a bit of a desperation move happening.”

The EU, California and the International Financial Reporting Standards all draw on the voluntary protocol in their guidelines on how companies should disclose their carbon footprints.

Meta and Google did not respond to requests for comment. Microsoft declined to comment.

FT : Elon Musk’s SpaceX targets $800bn valuation in latest share sale

Elon Musk’s SpaceX targets $800bn valuation in latest share sale
Rocket maker’s proposed transaction would vault it back ahead of OpenAI as the most valuable start-up

SpaceX is in talks with investors about a share sale which would value Elon Musk’s rocket maker at $800bn, leapfrogging Sam Altman’s OpenAI to become the most valuable start-up in the world.

The Starlink owner had communicated with investors in recent days to gauge interest in a share sale at double the company’s current valuation of $400bn, according to two people with knowledge of the matter.

SpaceX has held secondary share sales roughly every six months in recent years, in which existing investors and employees can sell their stakes. The deals are a way to give backers of the 23-year-old private company a chance to realise the gains on their stock holdings.

A valuation of $800bn would see SpaceX regain its position as the most valuable private tech company in the world, overtaking OpenAI, which was recently valued at $500bn.

Musk’s company has been the leading developer of commercial rockets for space exploration, and owns the Starlink satellite internet service.

The new target price marks a further dramatic acceleration after the group’s valuation doubled between the middle of last year and this July. Investors in these deals are betting that Musk’s technical edge and ties to President Donald Trump will increase his advantage over its rivals.

The new target valuation was first reported by The Wall Street Journal.

FT : Meta buys AI pendant start-up Limitless to expand hardware push

Meta buys AI pendant start-up Limitless to expand hardware push
Deal indicates Zuckerberg is exploring other types of artificial intelligence-powered devices beyond smart glasses


Meta has bought Limitless, a maker of artificial intelligence-powered pendants, moving into the emerging but contentious market for all-hearing devices as chief executive Mark Zuckerberg doubles down on his bet on such wearables.

Limitless, backed by venture capital group Andreessen Horowitz and OpenAI’s CEO Sam Altman, makes an AI-powered device that can be worn as a necklace or clipped on to clothing such as a brooch.

Meta’s efforts to build AI wearables have been focused on smart glasses, which Zuckerberg has said could replace the smartphone as the main device people use to access AI tools including translation or chatbots.

The acquisition indicates Zuckerberg is exploring other types of devices.

The news comes as Meta’s CEO this week has signalled the importance of wearables to the company’s broader push to develop “personal superintelligence” that he hopes will be smarter than humans.

Limitless on Friday said: “Meta recently announced a new vision to bring personal superintelligence to everyone and a key part of that vision is building incredible AI-enabled wearables. We share this vision and we’ll be joining Meta to help bring our shared vision to life.”

Zuckerberg on Wednesday announced the company was building a new design studio within its virtual and augmented reality department, Reality Labs, poaching Alan Dye, a top Apple design executive, to lead the group.

“We’re entering a new era where AI glasses and other devices will change how we connect with technology and each other,” Zuckerberg said of the effort. 

A day later, the company said it was shifting some resources from its metaverse group to focus on AI wearables such as smart glasses. Investors welcomed the news, sending the shares up nearly 3.5 per cent.

Meta is entering a nascent but increasingly crowded market among those experimenting in AI devices beyond glasses.

OpenAI has teamed up with Jony Ive, formerly Apple’s star designer. Their secretive team is working on a palm-sized device without a screen that can respond to audio and visual cues from users and their environment.

This category of always-on listening devices has become controversial because of privacy concerns.

Silicon Valley start-up Friend, maker of a device worn as a pendant around the neck that lets a person chat with an AI bot, has been criticised for being “creepy” and having a “snarky” personality.

An AI pin made by Altman-backed Humane was recently scrapped after widespread glitches. Over the summer, Amazon acquired AI bracelet start-up Bee.

Limitless pendants can record and transcribe conversations in real time, and allow users to search that information via the company’s app. Formerly known as Rewind, the start-up pitched the product as using AI to “overcome the brain’s limitations” in areas such as focus and memory.

The company, which has raised more than $33mn from investors, said it would continue to support existing customers of its Pendant product for at least a year but would no longer be selling to new customers.

Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed. Limitless’s last public valuation was $367mn in 2023, according to PitchBook.

Meta said: ‘We’re excited that Limitless will be joining Meta to help accelerate our work to build AI-enabled wearables.”