FT : Why the ban on using EU funds for arms could become more flexible

Why the ban on using EU funds for arms could become more flexible

War budget
Could the EU’s treaties, long considered to unequivocally prevent the bloc from buying weapons with its shared budget, have been misinterpreted this whole time? That’s what some in the European Commission are hoping.

Context: Russia’s war has forced the EU into a top-to-bottom rethink of its defence and security policies. It has also sparked a scramble to raise money, quickly, to fund the continent’s biggest rearmament programme since the cold war.

Article 41(2) of the Treaty on European Union states that the budget cannot fund “operations having military or defence implications”. The Financial Times reported last week that the commission, the bloc’s executive, has established a legal task force to reassess what that really means.

The question the EU’s in-house lawyers are being asked to ponder is whether “operations” refers only to the EU’s own operations. If so, could the budget buy weapons for operations conducted by other entities (such as the Ukrainian army)?

Proponents describe it as a natural consideration given the drive to find more “creative” methods of funding, saying it would “streamline” existing off-budget instruments such as the Ukraine Assistance Fund which finances weapons for Kyiv.

Such a change would mark the most significant shift in the EU’s approach to defence since the formation of the bloc’s Common Foreign and Security Policy more than 30 years ago.

But convincing Brussels’ legal brains is likely to be far easier than getting all the 27 member states to accept such an interpretation. Especially the militarily neutral states of Ireland, Austria and Malta.

At a summit of EU leaders last week, various “innovative” defence funding ideas were discussed, including using the European Investment Bank to invest in weapons production and issuing new joint “defence bonds”.

“It is a bad idea, a bad idea to try to actually change the treaties on a subject like this,” Charles Michel, the EU Council president who chaired the summit, told reporters afterwards. “Now is not the time to open an institutional battle or a battle of competencies on such a subject.”

FT : Nissan to cut production costs to make EVs more competitive with Chinese ri

Nissan to cut production costs to make EVs more competitive with Chinese rivals
Japanese carmaker aims to make electric vehicles more affordable but still profitable in new manufacturing strategy

Nissan plans to slash the cost of manufacturing its electric vehicles by 30 per cent as the Japanese carmaker turns to new partnerships and manufacturing methods to counter the rising threat from Chinese rivals.

Nissan, which has an alliance with France’s Renault and a partnership with Honda that was announced last week, has wrestled with flagging sales in China as the automotive industry struggles to build profitable battery-powered vehicles at affordable prices.

Following months of delay, Nissan released a business plan on Monday addressing how a carmaker of its size — with annual sales of fewer than 4mn vehicles — would finance the costs of new technology development and survive the transition to electric cars. The strategy aims to lift annual sales by 1mn units by the end of its fiscal 2026 year.

Under the plan, Nissan will launch 30 models over the next three years, about half of which will be electric vehicles and hybrid cars. In China, it will launch eight “new energy” vehicles and begin exporting cars made locally from next year. In North America, it aims to sell 330,000 more vehicles in fiscal year 2026 compared with 2023, while India will become a pivotal hub for car exports.

The carmaker will also aim to launch an electric vehicle powered by solid-state batteries in fiscal 2028.

“Faced with extreme market volatility, Nissan is taking decisive actions guided by the new plan to ensure sustainable growth and profitability,” its chief executive Makoto Uchida said in a statement.

The new business strategy came after Nissan surprised investors by striking a partnership with its historic rival Honda to develop electric vehicles, in a bid to address the coming wave of high-tech, low-cost models from China. 

The group will maintain its long-term alliance with Renault and Mitsubishi Motors in certain markets such as Europe, south-east Asia and Latin America. However, investors have questioned the future of the trilateral partnership after the French carmaker recently reduced its 43 per cent stake in Nissan to 15 per cent.

Nissan will aim to make electric vehicles more affordable and still profitable by developing the models in family groups, integrating components, cutting procurement costs and advancing battery technology. It plans to make the cost of producing electric cars the same as for traditional combustion engine vehicles by fiscal 2030. 

In February, the group cut its annual sales target for the fiscal year ending in March from 3.7mn to 3.5mn vehicles, due to weaker than expected sales in China, the US and Europe. 

Analysts have said its new business plan needs to address how the company will shore up its operations not just in China but also in the US, where Nissan has failed to benefit from a boom in hybrid vehicle sales due to a lack of offerings.

Le Figaro : Atos : David Layani dévoile au Figaro ses projets pour sauver le gro

Atos : David Layani dévoile au Figaro ses projets pour sauver le groupe français

EXCLUSIF - Le patron de Onepoint, premier actionnaire du géant français de la tech, révèle son plan pour garantir l'intégrité du groupe, en grandes difficultés.

Empruntée à Nicolas Sarkozy, dont il est proche, la formule ne lui déplairait pas. Atos, David Layani y pense, « et pas simplement quand il se rase ». Depuis deux ans, l’ex-fleuron de l’informatique française est une obsession pour le patron fondateur de la société de services numériques Onepoint. Ambitieux, le quadragénaire n’a jamais caché ses intentions de présider aux destinées de la société basée à Bezons, en banlieue parisienne. Il se prépare, entouré d’une armée d’avocats, banquiers d’affaire et autres conseils en influence.

Autodidacte pressé, David Layani se doit d’être dans le bon tempo pour mettre en musique sa « Symphonie », nom de l’opération visant à lui permettre de prendre le contrôle d’Atos. Il se faisait discret depuis octobre et son entrée fracassante au capital du groupe, dont Onepoint détient 11,4 %. Refusant toute interview et explication sur sa stratégie dans ce dossier aussi compliqué que sensible.

Survenant quelques semaines après l’échec des négociations sur la cession à Daniel Kretinsky de Tech Foundations (l’activité d’infogérence d’Atos), l’arrêt brutal et inattendu, mardi dernier, des pourparlers en vue de la vente à Airbus des activités cybersécurité, big data et des supercalculateurs du groupe (BDS) l’oblige à sortir du bois. Après deux ans passés à tenter de céder des actifs, la stratégie du conseil d’administration est mise en échec. Confronté à une fuite de ses talents, à la dégradation de sa trésorerie et à l’inquiétude de ses clients, Atos peut-il être sauvé ? « Non seulement Atos peut se relever, mais il doit se relever, assure David Layani au Figaro. Malgré toutes ses difficultés, le groupe peut s’en sortir, grâce à ses actifs de grande qualité, ses 100.000 talents dans 70 pays, ses clients prestigieux et sa marque encore reconnue. » Beaucoup craignent que le groupe se rapproche de la faillite ? Son premier actionnaire redouble d’ambitions : « Mon projet est de faire d’Atos l’Airbus du cyber et du digital : la plateforme européenne du digital, de la cybersécurité et de l’intelligence artificielle, et le premier opérateur européen de cloud souverain, dans un marché émergent dominé par les Chinois et les Américains, détaille l’entrepreneur. Il y a urgence, suite à ces échecs successifs. Quand on est un client d’Atos ou un salarié avec un talent reconnu et très demandé par le marché, je comprends qu’on se pose des questions. C’est pour ça qu’il faut agir très vite, avant les JO et avant l’été. »

Le patron de Onepoint veut incarner le nouveau chapitre de l’histoire d’Atos et rompre avec la stratégie menée depuis deux ans. « Il faut mettre fin immédiatement à tout projet de cession en préservant l’intégrité des actifs pour bâtir un New One Atos qui reparte sur des bonnes bases, martèle David Layani, qui avait jusque-là soutenu la stratégie. Si on ne se base pas maintenant sur une solution industrielle qui préserve la totalité de l'actif, c'est le chaos et la fin d'Atos. BDS est une pépite. Ce n'est pas au moment où l'on doit se réinventer et repartir qu'il faut vendre ses bijoux de famille. Ce n'est pas en se coupant une jambe qu'on va aller plus vite. Quand je suis arrivé, la scission d'Atos était engagée. J'ai dit clairement qu'elle devait être faite avec une vision industrielle et organisée par un industriel, avec les moyens de son développement. Or, pendant deux ans, cette séparation a coûté très cher et a conduit à une désorganisation totale de l'entreprise et créé énormément de disynergies. La promesse était de sortir définitivement de la crise financière et de donner de la cohérence aux activités. Or, deux ans après, la situation financière est pire et on a des activités encore plus incohérentes dans le découpage. »

Il faut désormais rassurer les salariés du groupe, et pas seulement ceux des branches Tech Foundations (50.000 salariés) et BDS (10.000), qui s’étaient préparés à rejoindre Daniel Kretinsky et Airbus. « Il y a des gens pleins de talents et passionnés, en attente d’une vision et d’une solution industrielles, souligne David Layani. Cette vision, nous l’avons. Onepoint est prêt à investir et à organiser la recapitalisation de l’entreprise avec le soutien des salariés. »

Convaincre les créanciers
La principale urgence est de bâtir un plan stratégique pour redonner de la perspective aux marchés financiers. Depuis trois semaines, les managers des différentes business units d’Atos ont été chargés de participer à un travail collectif visant à faire émerger une nouvelle stratégie. Le cabinet Accuracy, de son côté, est chargé de mener une « Independent Business Review », autrement dit de soulever le capot de l’entreprise pour examiner sa situation. Mais David Layani a bien l’intention de donner le tempo au top management : « Mon intention est d’avancer au plus vite avec la société sous l’égide du mandataire ad hoc et de négocier avec toutes les parties prenantes, assure le premier actionnaire. Notre ambition est que, après sa réorganisation financière, Atos retrouve, et c’est possible, d’ici deux ou trois ans, 6 % à 8 % de croissance et des marges comparables à celles de ses concurrents. »

Avant cela, il faudra convaincre les créanciers. Au-delà de l’apurement du passif, remettre Atos à flot demandera l’apport d’argent nouveau, les spécialistes estimant que la facture pourrait dépasser les 2 milliards d’euros. « Chacun doit prendre sa part, assure David Layani. Les créanciers vont faire un effort et les actionnaires vont devoir mettre de l’argent. Il faut arrêter de jouer aux apprentis sorciers. De mon point de vue, il n’y a pas 50 solutions. Il est trop tôt pour déterminer précisément les montants de créances à capitaliser de celles à rééchelonner et de l’augmentation de capital nécessaire. Il va y avoir une négociation sur une part de capitalisation de dettes, une part d’extension de maturité, une part d’aménagement d’instruments pour ramener le levier à un niveau acceptable tout en s’assurant que la société aura les liquidités nécessaires à son développement. On a une vision très claire, on sait précisément où on veut aller, mais il faut, bien sûr, discuter avec tout le monde. La chance d’Atos, c’est qu’il y a un premier actionnaire avec 11 % du capital, qui est prêt à participer au côté des créanciers à une solution de recapitalisation. »

Autre tâche ardue, convaincre le gouvernement, qui surveille de près le dossier. Mardi, Bercy a indiqué sa volonté de construire « dans les prochaines semaines une solution nationale de protection des activités stratégiques », autrement dit BDS, qui gère les supercalculateurs utilisés pour la simulation d’essais nucléaires, la gestion du parc nucléaire d’EDF et dispose de certains contrats avec l’armée française. Mais pour le premier actionnaire d’Atos, il n’est plus question de céder BDS. « La souveraineté, cela ne se découpe pas, assure David Layani. Chez Atos, elle est partout et pas seulement dans BDS. La souveraineté concerne le nucléaire, l’énergie, les données des Français, notamment en matière de santé, et une grande partie des données du CAC 40. Le nouvel One Atos est la meilleure réponse à la préoccupation légitime de Bruno Le Maire en matière de souveraineté. » Et l’homme d’affaires de brandir son savoir-faire : « Onepoint, notamment à travers sa filiale défense-sécurité, traite déjà de sujets sensibles auprès de nos armées et de ministère de l’Intérieur. Onepoint est une société française créée par des Français, avec un capital quasi exclusivement français, détenu par son fondateur et les salariés. Onepoint est la seule solution souveraine pour l’ensemble d’Atos. »

Une revanche sociale et personnelle
Déterminé à préserver l’intégrité d’Atos, David Layani estime pouvoir lui faire retrouver son lustre et en devenir le sauveur : « Aujourd’hui, avec Onepoint, Atos est plus français qu’il y a un an. J’entends occuper ma place d’actionnaire de référence d’Atos et rester le premier défenseur de son intégrité et de son intérêt. Pour sortir de l’ornière dans laquelle le groupe se trouve, j’assume ma responsabilité d’actionnaire de référence pour accompagner cette transformation. » Pour l’homme d’affaires, il s’agirait d’une double revanche. Sociale, d’abord, pour celui qui a quitté l’école sans diplôme à 16 ans et a commencé sa carrière comme assistant au sein de l’éditeur de logiciel EMC, racheté par Dell. S’il a pu lancer Onepoint, en 2002, c’est grâce à un crédit apporté par un membre de sa famille et des connaissances, écrivait il y a quelques mois Libération. Depuis vingt ans, l’homme cultive ses réseaux dans le Paris politique et des affaires, avec l’ambition non dissimulée d’être un membre de l’establishment. « Dans nos sociétés, quand on n’est pas né à la bonne table, on a l’impression de ne pas être invité au banquet républicain », insistait-il lors de son discours pour la remise de l’ordre national du Mérite.

Une revanche personnelle ensuite. Lorsque, en 2022, il monte déjà à l’assaut d’Atos avec son groupe Onepoint, le président de l’époque, Bertrand Meunier, lui ferme brusquement la porte au nez, évoquant avec un quasi mépris ce « Petit Poucet ». Plus petit par la taille, Onepoint ne démérite pourtant pas, question ambition. Depuis 2002, David Layani a déjà procédé au rachat d’une demi-douzaine de sociétés, de rangs certes inférieurs. Certains lui ont confié un intérêt pour Sopra Steria (5 milliards de revenus), ou encore Inetum (2,4 milliards) par le passé. Il y a deux ans, David Layani s’était également donné pour objectif d’atteindre en 2025 un chiffre d’affaires de 2 milliards d’euros. Ses concurrents sur le dossier Atos, banquiers, observateurs, voient la nouvelle initiative avec perplexité. Ils jugent que David Layani s’attaque à un poisson très gros pour lui. Après tout, son groupe Onepoint, et ses 3000 salariés, ne pèse 500 millions de chiffre d’affaires. Bien qu’en difficulté, le paquebot Atos, avec ses 10 milliards de chiffre d’affaires en 2023, est vingt fois plus gros que lui. « Si toutes les conditions sont réunies, sur la base de notre vision, de notre projet, on est prêt à participer à l’augmentation de capital pour conserver notre position d’actionnaire de référence, à la coordonner, et même à la sécuriser », assure le patron de Onepoint, qui a levé en octobre 500 millions d’euros auprès du fonds américain Carlyle. Et d’enfoncer le clou : « De l’autre côté, il y a quoi ? Des purs financiers et des opportunistes qui attendent qu’Atos aille au tapis pour ramasser des bouts à la casse. Soit on règle le problème vite avec notre solution industrielle, soit on attend et on laisse Atos aller au tapis. » De quoi balayer d’un revers les ambitions du canadien CGI, concurrent de Onepoint, qui a manifesté début janvier un intérêt pour la reprise des activités digitales d’Atos.

L’entourage de Daniel Kretinsky rappelle qu’il reste intéressé par la reprise d’une partie au moins d’Atos. S’il a refusé l’offre faite par Jean-Pierre Mustier, le président d’Atos, lors d’une rencontre organisée le 27 février dans les bureaux d’Hélène Bourbouloux, la mandataire ad hoc, le milliardaire reste en embuscade. Pourrait-il participer au projet monté par David Layani ? « Je ne vais pas faire de la finance-fiction, mais tous les investisseurs de la place qui ont envie de soutenir une solution industrielle et souveraine sont a priori les bienvenus. »

WSJ : Activist Politan Plans Second Proxy Battle at Masimo

Activist Politan Plans Second Proxy Battle at Masimo
Quentin Koffey’s hedge fund is eyeing two more seats on the medical-device maker’s board

An activist investor who holds two seats on the board of Masimo MASI 1.40%increase; green up pointing triangle is planning a proxy fight for two more.

Politan Capital Management, founded by veteran activist Quentin Koffey, plans to nominate two director candidates to the company’s six-person board, according to people familiar with the matter.

Irvine, Calif.-based Masimo has a market value of around $7.1 billion. It is a major supplier of monitoring technologies including pulse oximeters to hospitals.

Politan has held a roughly 9% stake in Masimo since 2022. It won a pair of board seats last year at Masimo’s annual meeting, including one for Koffey.

The company’s stock took a huge hit in 2022 when it agreed to buy a consumer-technology company specializing in high-end audio equipment for around $1 billion, irking analysts and investors who questioned the rationale. Masimo’s founder and chief executive officer, Joe Kiani, argued the deal gave the business access to retail channels such as Best Buy.

Kiani, who is also chairman, said Friday that his company would explore separating its consumer business, which in addition to the audio equipment includes baby monitors and smartwatches. That would leave Masimo focused on professional healthcare and telehealth products. Kiani is expected to remain chairman and CEO of Masimo and to be chairman of the newly created company.

Kiani said he proposed a separation of the consumer business in January, and the board has now agreed to move ahead. The company said it will be completed “as soon as feasible.”

Masimo shares, which had climbed about 15% so far this year through Friday, surged more than 10% in after-hours trading on the news.

While Politan supports a review of Masimo’s consumer business, it is concerned the company won’t conduct a comprehensive process and follow through on a separation, given what it views as poor corporate governance, the people familiar with the matter said. Politan also feels Koffey and its other director have been boxed out by Kiani since joining the board.

Masimo said in a statement it’s fully committed to conducting a comprehensive review of the separation and that Koffey has been a key part of discussions about it.

Kiani is one of the two directors up for election this year, given Masimo’s staggered board terms.

Politan’s candidates are William Jellison, former chief financial officer of medical-device maker Stryker, and Darlene Solomon, former chief technology officer of Agilent Technologies, the people said.

Masimo in January appointed former Disney CEO Bob Chapek to its board. The company also recently won a yearslong and costly legal battle against Apple over certain features in its watches.

Koffey focused on activist investing at D.E. Shaw Group and Senator Investment Group before establishing Politan in 2021. Politan ran a behind-the-scenes campaign at managed-care company Centene, which added several new directors to its board. Late last year, the firm reached a truce with biotech company Azenta after it agreed to replace two directors and buy back stock.

Politan in early 2023 helped fend off an attempt by Masimo to require hedge funds to disclose their investors, among other measures, when running a proxy fight. The influential proxy-advisory firm Institutional Shareholder Services criticized Masimo for the move, which was eventually reversed.

WSJ : China Evergrande to Withdraw Offshore Debt-Restructuring Applications

China Evergrande to Withdraw Offshore Debt-Restructuring Applications
The developer had filed for the offshore debt restructuring with a U.S. court last August

China Evergrande Group EGRNQ -22.45%decrease; red down pointing triangle is withdrawing its applications for Chapter 15 offshore debt restructuring filed in the U.S.

The heavily-indebted Chinese property developer said that it, along with SJ and Tianji Holdings, had submitted documents to pull their applications for offshore debt restructuring on March 22, according to a filing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange late Sunday.

Tianji and SJ are Evergrande’s main overseas financing platforms.

The developer had filed for the offshore debt restructuring with a U.S. court last August, but has since been ordered to liquidate by a court in Hong Kong in January.

Evergrande defaulted in late 2021 after running up liabilities of more than $300 billion.

WSJ : What’s Next for Gold? Look to China for Clues

What’s Next for Gold? Look to China for Clues
Gold buying in the country has helped fuel recent surge—and could protect against downturn

Chinese investors are going all-in on gold.

The country’s central bank has pushed its gold reserves to a record level. Consumers in the country are loading up on gold jewelry, in part because they are nervous about the shaky economy. Stock traders are buying the shares of gold miners, and rushing into exchange-traded funds that track the price of the metal.

That has primed the pump for the commodity’s recent rally, and will offer support as the price of gold heads into uncharted territory.

“I don’t think Chinese demand will be enough to propel global gold prices higher. But what it does mean is that any correction should be cushioned by the strong levels of physical demand that we’re seeing there,” said Nikos Kavalis, a managing director of precious-metals consulting firm Metals Focus.

Gold hit an all-time high this week, trading above $2,200 a troy ounce after the Federal Reserve indicated that three interest rate cuts are on the cards for 2024. The price of gold often goes up when interest rates go down, in part because bond returns look less attractive in comparison.

But traders have a record of second-guessing the Fed when economic data comes in hotter than expected, and any doubts about the pace of cuts could weigh on the price of gold in the coming months. The Fed is facing a tricky balancing act that means rate expectations are likely to shift constantly: The economy is booming, but consumers and small businesses are feeling squeezed by higher borrowing costs.

BMI, a research firm, raised its target for the price of gold on Tuesday to between $1,950 and $2,250 a troy ounce, but warned that strong economic data from the U.S. was a major risk factor, since it could slow down rate cuts. The firm said the main drivers of gold this year would be U.S. rates, the performance of the dollar and geopolitics.

State Street Global Advisors, which manages the world’s largest spot-gold ETF, was more bullish: The firm said it expects gold prices to reach between $2,200 and $2,400 once the Fed starts to lower rates later this year.

The People’s Bank of China bought more gold than any global central bank last year, purchasing a net 225 metric tons, according to the World Gold Council, an industry body. That was China’s biggest expansion of gold reserves since 1977. The country’s pension funds, insurers and other state-linked investors are also stocking up on gold, although their purchases are often undeclared, according to market participants.

China imported 367 metric tons of the precious metal for nonmonetary use during the first two months of this year, a 51% increase from the same period last year, according to official data.

Sales of gold and jewelry products in China rose 24% year over year during the Lunar New Year period, typically a boom time for retail spending.

ETFs in China that buy gold and shares of gold miners are booming. Assets under management of gold ETFs in the country hit a record high in January at $4 billion, according to the China Gold Association. On March 15, shares of Zijin Mining, one of China’s largest miners of gold and minerals, closed at an all-time high.

Chinese demand is being fueled by gold’s reputation as a safe haven. A prolonged real estate crisis, a tepid stock market and a shaky economy have pushed Chinese investors to find alternative places to put their money. On Friday, the offshore yuan hit its weakest level against the dollar this year.

“China’s real-estate sector has difficulties. The equity market is volatile. The currency is weak. All of these things are encouraging Chinese investors to diversify into gold,” said John Reade, chief market strategist at the World Gold Council.

FT : EU to provide €165mn for Tunisian security forces to curb migration

EU to provide €165mn for Tunisian security forces to curb migration
Funding comes as bloc faces political pressure to cut arrival numbers

The EU plans to provide up to €164.5mn over three years to Tunisian security forces, some of whom have been accused of human rights abuses, far more than has been made public as Brussels boosts its anti-migration drive.

The funding comes as the bloc faces political pressure to cut arrival numbers, prompting an increase in funding for countries from which people depart to Europe despite concerns about their treatment of migrants and asylum seekers.

Brussels pledged €105mn of migration-related funding to Tunis in an agreement signed last year, much of which has not yet been disbursed, said people familiar with the matter.

But figures seen by the Financial Times show that the EU will overall spend far more on migration under different funding streams over the next three years, with about two-thirds of a projected €278mn allocated to security and border management. The rest will fund schemes such as returning migrants to their home countries, fighting people-smuggling and protecting refugees.

EU-funded programmes involving Tunisian security forces include a training academy for the country’s national maritime guard, implemented with German federal police.

EU funds will also pay for equipment such as radars and boats for the national guard, along with land border posts, the people said.

Tunisian security forces have increased interceptions of boats in the Mediterranean since migrant arrivals in Italy rose last August. About 81,000 people were intercepted making the sea journey last year, more than double the number the previous year, according to the Tunisian Forum for Economic and Social Rights (FTDES).

Members of Tunisia’s security forces have been implicated in widespread unlawful detentions and expulsions of migrants and asylum seekers, according to European diplomats, international humanitarian staff and non-government organisations.

“Since last August, the Tunisian authorities have a new expulsion mechanism, meaning that all those intercepted at sea are automatically expelled towards the Algerian and especially the Libyan borders,” said Romdhane Ben Amor, spokesperson for the FTDES.

“For those expelled to the Libyan borders, [this] ends with them being captured in detention centres or prisons,” he added.

The UN in 2023 found that Libyan security forces and armed militia groups, including forces that also benefit from EU funds, may have been implicated in war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the imprisonment, enslavement and torture of migrants and asylum seekers. At least 7,000 people have been sent from Tunisia to the border with Libya since last summer, officials said.

EU rules ban the bloc from funding measures “which may result in violations of human rights in partner countries”.

The EU ombudsman is investigating how the bloc will ensure its funds in Tunisia are not used for breaches of human rights.

Despite the allegations, the EU and its member states are wary of exerting pressure on Tunisian authorities because they fear losing communication channels and are concerned migrant numbers could rise again, prompting political problems at home.

An Italian government official said it was important for Europe to continue engaging with Tunisian authorities to tackle security threats and stem the influence of rival powers across the region. “We are applying gentle pressure, but blackmail does not work,” the official said.

The Tunisian foreign ministry has denied violating the rights of migrants and said that “persons intercepted at sea or in an irregular situation are treated in accordance with national legislation and Tunisia’s international commitments”.

The European Commission said it was in contact with Tunisian authorities and was “closely following the situation of migrants in Tunisia and at the borders with Algeria and Libya”.

This month, the EU signed further agreements with African countries to prevent migration to Europe despite human rights concerns. It pledged €210mn to Mauritania, including €60mn for migration, and €7.4bn to Egypt, with at least €200mn explicitly for migration measures.

In Tunisia, the EU last year also pledged €150mn in general budget support separate from migration, which was paid out this month.