Iran open to ‘serious dialogue’, says UN nuclear chief
Fraught relations with Tehran, which faces sanctions over its atomic programme, appear to be easing
Iran has shown a willingness to engage in “serious dialogue” with the UN’s nuclear watchdog for the first time in more than a year, according to the agency’s head, in a sign Tehran is seeking to ease tensions with the US.
Rafael Grossi, director-general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, told the Financial Times that Tehran and the watchdog, which have endured fraught relations for months, could be entering a “different phase” after he held talks in Iran.
Tehran appears willing to discuss “concrete” issues, he said.
The apparent shift in tone was prompted by an invitation from Iran’s nuclear chief Mohammad Eslami for Grossi to attend talks in the Islamic republic. The call came in mid-April at a time of heightened tensions between Iran, Israel and the US.
Around that time, Iranian officials issued veiled threats that Tehran could change policy and seek to weaponise its expansive nuclear programme.
But after meeting Eslami and other senior officials last week on his first trip to Iran since March 2023, Grossi said he sensed an opportunity to resolve some points of contention, including improving the IAEA’s ability to monitor the republic’s nuclear activities.
“I see in them a recognition that it is better to have some engagement than to continue on a completely divergent course, leading to more escalation and perhaps even more danger, including war,” Grossi said. “It’s very important because we reconnected after many months of talking past each other.”
He added that Washington and Tehran also continued to keep open a “bilateral channel”. The FT revealed that senior US and Iranian officials held secret indirect talks in Oman in January as both sides sought to prevent the Israel-Hamas war from exploding into a full-blown regional conflict.
Long-running hostilities between Israel and Iran reached a peak in April after Iran fired more than 300 missiles and drones at the Jewish state in retaliation for an Israeli strike on the republic’s consulate in Damascus. It was the first direct Iranian strike on Israel launched from the republic. Israel responded by firing drones and missiles at an air base near the Iranian city of Isfahan, which is close to the Natanz nuclear site.
The tit-for-tat strikes were considered calibrated to avoid an all-out war and caused limited damage. But analysts expressed concerns that Iran could expand its nuclear programme — which is already enriching uranium close to weapons grade — to use as leverage with the US and as a warning to its enemies.
Grossi said Iran had not altered the scale or pace of its nuclear activity since Hamas’s October 7 attack and Israel’s retaliatory offensive in Gaza sparked hostilities across the Middle East.
He added that there was “no evidence to suggest that Iran has moved, or is moving, or is planning to move, to a weapons programme”.
Iran has been enriching uranium up to 60 per cent purity, close to weapons grade, for more than two years. It is part of Tehran’s response to former US President Donald Trump’s decision to unilaterally abandon the 2015 nuclear accord Tehran signed with world powers.
Grossi said Tehran now has sufficient fissile material to produce about three nuclear bombs within a matter of weeks, if it chose to do so. Tehran insists its programme is for civilian purposes only.
“There have been oscillations in the production of 60 per cent [enriched uranium], but nothing dramatic,” Grossi said. “What we see is there is a steady base. They have been faster in the past, but what we see is a regular [pace] — it’s like a jog.”
But “the programme is growing, it’s getting bigger, it’s getting wider, it’s getting stronger — no doubt”.
Grossi said technical talks between the IAEA and Iranian officials had continued since his return from the republic. Tehran made no commitments to the IAEA during Grossi’s trip, but both parties discussed issues that have caused friction between them.
The watchdog is hoping to use the talks to convince Tehran to reinstall agency cameras at nuclear facilities, allow its inspectors access to plants used to manufacture parts for centrifuges, and to visit facilities linked to a long-running IAEA probe into past nuclear activity at three undeclared sites.
However, Iran has previously made agreements with the agency only to renege on its obligations as the IAEA’s ability to work in the republic has been restricted since Trump pulled out of the nuclear accord in 2018 and imposed waves of crippling sanctions on the republic.
In March last year, Tehran pledged to reinstall about 30 IAEA cameras at its nuclear facilities, but only nine were made operational, Grossi said.
The regime has also previously appeared to make compromises before IAEA board of governors’ meetings, which western nations can use to censure the republic. The next governors meeting is on June 3.
But Grossi said what was important was ensuring there was no “complete disengagement” or “rupture”.
“This is what we are trying to do is keep things contained, and [to have] levels of visibility that are useful and meaningful,” Grossi said.