U.S. Probe of Russia-Sanctions Busting Focuses on Major Oil Trader
The investigation is examining whether Murtaza Lakhani, founder and chief executive of Mercantile & Maritime Group, traded Russian oil in breach of Western sanctions
The Justice Department is conducting a broad effort to crack down on violations of sanctions imposed on Russia’s energy exports and has homed in on the possible activities of a prominent oil trader.
The effort includes an investigation of Murtaza Lakhani, founder and chief executive of Mercantile & Maritime Group, a major oil trading and shipping company with head offices in Bahrain and Singapore. The probe is examining whether Lakhani traded Russian oil in breach of Western sanctions including a U.S.-led price cap, according to people familiar with the matter.
The investigation is ongoing. It couldn’t be determined whether any charges might result.
A spokesman for Lakhani didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment.
The U.S. and its allies have looked for ways to beef up oil sanctions that industry executives say have lost some of their effect on Russian oil revenues. After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine last year, the Justice Department set up the Task Force KleptoCapture unit last year to enforce policies intended to isolate the Russian economy, and to seize assets of sanctions violators.
Prices for Russia’s oil have risen far above the Western-imposed price cap in recent months, indicating that Russia has found new ways to profit from its oil sales. Western nations targeted Russian oil exports when designing sanctions because they are by far the biggest contributor to the Kremlin’s budget.
Earlier this year, the Justice Department in conjunction with the Treasury Department and the Commerce Department outlined a campaign of enforcement focused on bringing criminal charges against companies that served as intermediaries or used transshipments to evade Russian sanctions.
Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said the government was likely to take steps to enforce the price cap, in a sign that the U.S. is readying a broader effort to crack down on suspected evasion of sanctions on Russian oil.
“We are looking at enforcement very carefully and we want to make sure that market participants are aware we take this price cap seriously and to the extent Western services are used we mean business about abiding by the cap,” Yellen said in an interview en route to the International Monetary Fund meetings in Morocco this week.
A person close to Rosneft Oil, the Russian state-backed energy giant, said the company is aware of a broad Justice Department probe into Russian oil shipments.
A Rosneft spokesman didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment.
The Justice Department is examining whether Lakhani has a business relationship with Rosneft Chief Executive Igor Sechin, an ally of President Vladimir Putin, according to the people familiar with the matter. Sechin is personally sanctioned by the U.S.
Born in Pakistan and a citizen of Canada and Vanuatu, Lakhani is known in the oil world for operating in complicated places. He has facilitated trades of oil produced in Saddam Hussein-era Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan and Venezuela. Before Putin ordered the invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, Lakhani had long done business with Rosneft, both inside and outside Russia.
A spokesman for Lakhani said in July that he and every company in which he has an interest were no longer involved in the Russian oil trade. The spokesman said Lakhani and his companies had undergone “a complete cessation of all trade in Russian oil” to comply with sanctions, including those imposed by the Group of Seven nations.
Lakhani appeared on camera in June at Putin’s flagship St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. He sat in the front row of the audience during a session headlined by Rosneft’s Sechin and applauded a speech in which the chief executive described the establishment of “new, secure logistical chains which provide one with access to new markets.”
The spokesman said in July that Lakhani has attended the economic forum in Russia every year since 2017.
It is legal for Western companies to trade and transport Russian petroleum if the oil is priced at or below the $60 cap imposed by the G-7 countries plus Australia last December. There are separate caps on products such as diesel. The aim of the cap is to keep supplies flowing from Russia and maintain market stability, yet also reduce the Kremlin’s income. The sanctions also ban imports of Russian oil to Europe and the U.S., but allow oil to be sold to places such as China, India and Turkey.
Traders say that, although operating in Russian oil markets is allowed, there are reputational dangers from being seen to finance Putin’s war. The trade got even more complicated for Western companies after the recent price rises in oil markets. Prices for Russian crude and fuel have surged above the various caps.
Some of the biggest commodities traders say they largely withdrew from Russia after the invasion. Rosneft and other Russian producers came to rely on a new group of companies to get their oil to market. Many of these traders and shipowners—such as Tejarinaft, Amur and Bellatrix Energy—are registered in Dubai or Hong Kong and have opaque ownership.
The ships owned or used by these firms are known in the industry as the shadow fleet because they operate without Western financing and insurance.
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Lakhani started out as an oil trader in the 1980s. He was Glencore’s representative in Baghdad in the early 2000s, making payments to the Iraqi government during the oil-for-food program, a failed United Nations attempt to restrict Saddam Hussein’s oil income without causing a humanitarian crisis. He later helped arrange oil sales from Iraqi Kurdistan, including doing deals with Rosneft.
Lakhani lived in Monaco and London in recent years and cultivated connections to Britain’s upper echelons of power. Mercantile & Maritime gave 500,000 pounds, equivalent to about $610,000, to the U.K.’s Conservative Party in 2019—among the biggest donations of the past decade to the ruling party.
Lakhani’s Rosneft relationship deepened in 2019 when the Russian company sought to export oil from Venezuela, whose oil industry was under U.S. sanctions. Lakhani found buyers and helped transport the oil.
Lakhani’s spokesman said that, as of 2019, the sanctions permitted such an operation. After the U.S. sanctioned Rosneft’s Geneva trading arm in 2020, Mercantile & Maritime said it wound down these operations to comply with the sanctions.
Around the same time, Lakhani bought a majority stake in an Austrian trading firm called Cetracore Energy, according to the 2020 annual report. A Rosneft subsidiary owned a minority shareholding.
When Rosneft was hunting for outside investment in a giant Arctic oil project, it tapped Lakhani. In 2021, Mercantile & Maritime teamed up with trading firm Vitol to buy a 5% stake in the project. Lakhani’s joint trading venture with Rosneft, Cetracore, stepped up its activity in Russian oil immediately after Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, data from shipping analytics firm Petro-Logistics showed.
The spokesman said in July that Cetracore and all other companies in which Lakhani has an interest stopped trading Russian oil.
In December, Vitol and Lakhani’s Mercantile & Maritime said they had sold their stake in Rosneft’s Vostok oil project. Rosneft exited its Cetracore stake in May this year, company filings show.